--- rhodium-4shared 2010-10-24 18:18:28.000000000 +0300 +++ rhodium-erowid 2010-10-24 18:17:41.000000000 +0300 @@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ * Pseudonitrosite FAQ * MDP2P by 2-Nitropropene Alkylation of 1,3-Benzodioxole * Impurities in Commercially Available MDP2P + * A Study of the Precursors, Intermediates and Reaction Byproducts in the Synthesis of MDMA Epoxide related @@ -39,17 +40,21 @@ * Epoxidation of propenylbenzenes using dimethyldioxirane or oxone * MDP2P from (iso)safrole via epoxide intermediate * Epoxidation of Safrole, using H2O2 and a peroxotungstate catalyst - * Epoxidation using a Manganese Catalyst + * Epoxidation using a Manganese Catalyst (PDF) * MDP2P from isosafrole via the dibromide, bromohydrin and epoxide * Isomerisation of Epoxides to Carbonyl Compounds by Iodides in DMSO * Electrochemical Rearrangement of Isosafrole Epoxide to MDP2P * Photochemical Conversion of Halohydrins to Ketones * Epoxidation of Olefins without Metal Catalysts + * Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with KMnO4/PTC + * Oxidation of Alkenes to Diols with Iodine and KIO3 + * Synthesis of N-Iodosuccinimide (NIS) and using it to prepare iodohydrin acetates from alkenes Piperonal/Catechol/Eugenol related * Piperonal from Pepper * Piperonal from isosafrole + * Alkenes to Aldehydes with KMnO4 * Isosafrole from piperonal * Novel synthesis of Piperonal * MDMA precursors from Eugenol @@ -62,7 +67,7 @@ * MDP2P from piperonal via 3,4-Methylenedioxyphenyl-2-nitropropene * Large-scale MDA from piperonal * Preparation of MDP-2-nitropropene from piperonal with MeOH/NaOH - * Electrooxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal + * Electrooxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal (PDF) * Electrochemical Oxidation of Isosafrole to Piperonal and Isosafrole Glycol * Isomerization of Eugenol to Isoeugenol - Kinetic Studies @@ -74,6 +79,7 @@ * Preparation of Aluminum Amalgam * Osmium's variation of the Al/Hg reductive amination of MDP2P * MDP2P/Methylamine reductive amination Osmium/BrightStar Style + * Impurities detected in MDMA made by Al/Hg Reductive Amination * Catalytic hydrogenation of MDP2P/Methylamine to MDMA * Reductive amination with NaBH4 and titanium(IV)isopropoxide * Reductive amination with NaBH4, titanium(IV)isopropoxide and methanolic methylamine @@ -89,26 +95,25 @@ * Electrochemical Reductive Amination of P2P's over a Mercury Cathode (PDF) * Reductive Amination with Sodium Triacetoxyborohydride (PDF) * Reductive amination using metallic magnesium - * Reductive amination of ketones using Pd/C and formic acid + * Reductive amination of ketones using Pd/C and formic acid (PDF) * Synthesis of Secondary Amines - A Review * Aqueous NaBH4 Reductive Amination of Phenylacetones * Hydrogenation of imines (DejaVu Format) - * Reductive Amination Using Potassium Formate and Palladium Acetate + * Reductive Amination Using Potassium Formate and Palladium Acetate (PDF) * Reductive Amination using Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER) + * Methylation of Amines with NaBH4 and ZnCl2 in DCM Wacker Oxidation Methods * Benzoquinone/DMF Wacker Oxidation of Safrole * Benzoquinone/Methanol Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Methyl Man) + * Improvements to the Benzoquinone Wacker * DMF/O2 Wacker Oxidation of Safrole * KRV/SRV Methanol/O2 Wacker Oxidation of Safrole - * Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Patent) - * Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole(Comments) - * Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Discussions) - * Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (ZIP) As text file + * Discussions about the Alkyl Nitrite Wacker Oxidation of Safrole * Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole - * Improvements to the Benzoquinone Wacker - * Regioselectivity in the Wacker oxidation of Propenylbenzenes + * Electrochemical Wacker Oxidation of Safrole (Improvement) + * Regioselectivity in the Wacker oxidation of Propenylbenzenes (PDF) * Cyclodextrin - Palladium Chloride as a Ketone-selective Wacker Oxidation System @@ -119,6 +124,7 @@ * Resolution of Racemic Amphetamines into d- and l-Amphetamines * Methamphetamine and P2P from phenylacetaldehyde * Notes on the synthesis of chloroephedrine and reduction to methamphetamine + * Chloroephedrine Reduction to Methamphetamine * Synthesis of phenylpropanolamine (PPA) * CTH reduction of Phenyl-2-Nitropropene to Amphetamine * Uncle Fester's Electroreduction of (pseudo)Ephedrine @@ -135,7 +141,6 @@ * One Pot Amphetamine synth from BzCN, MeI and NaBH4 * Amphetamine from P2NP using Urushibara Nickel (NiCl2/Al) * Meth from Benzylmagnesium chloride alkylation of acetaldehyde methylimine - * Amphetamines from Propiophenones * Methamphetamine from Phenyl-2-Propanone * Methamphetamines from Amphetamines * Synthesis of Allylbenzene from Cinnamaldehyde @@ -147,7 +152,7 @@ * Synthesis of Phenyl-2-nitropropene * Comprehensive Leuckart Reaction Overview from Organic Reactions (PDF) * Synthesis of Allylbenzene and Phenyl-2-bromopropane - * Direct Amination of Phenylpropenes to Amphetamines (German PDF, 4MB) + * Direct Amination of Phenylpropenes to Amphetamines (German PDF) * Preparation of Amphetamines from Phenylpropanolamines * Optically pure Amphetamines by the way of alpha-Methylhydrocinnamic Acid * Amphetamine Synthesis via an Acetoacetate Intermediate @@ -155,6 +160,9 @@ * Dehydration of Phenyl-1-propanol to Propenylbenzene * Synthesis of (S)-(+)-Amphetamine from (1S,2S)-2-Amino-1-Phenyl-1,3-Propanediol * Amphetamine by Al/Hg reductive amination of P2P + * Efficient Isomerization of Allylbenzene with NaOH/PTC + * Synthesis of Deuterio-l-Amphetamine d1 Sulfate + * Synthesis of Deuterated Methamphetamine, DOB, PCP and Methaqualone Birch reduction @@ -180,6 +188,7 @@ * P2P from propenylbenzenes * Azlactone Route to Phenyl-2-Propanones from Benzaldehydes * Tin(II)Chloride reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's + * CdCl2-Mg-H2O reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's * Raney Ni-Na2PO2 reduction of phenylnitropropenes to P2P's * Strecker degradation of α-Methyl-Phenylalanine to P2P * P2P by Hydroboration-Oxidation of Phenylpropyne @@ -188,31 +197,40 @@ * Differentiation of P2P Synthesized from Phenylacetic Acid with Acetic Anhydride vs. Lead(II)Acetate * P2P trough Meerwein Arylation of Aniline * Reaction of Aryllithiums with Epichlorohydrin + * Electroreductive Acylation of Benzyl Chloride to P2P + * Electroreductive Arylation of Chloroacetone to P2P + * P2P from n-Propylbenzene using the Étard Reaction Ephedrine related * Ephedrine: Synthesis, extraction and esterification * Synthesis and resolution of racemic Ephedrine + * Enantioselective Synthesis of (1S,2S)-pseudoephedrine + * Racemization of Optically Active Ephedrines * Comprehensive reference work on the extraction and synthesis of (pseudo)ephedrine * Comparison of the Properties of Ephedrine and Pseudoephedrine * Ephedrine and its Salts - Isolation and Properties * Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine and (Pseudo)Ephedrine + * [Patent] Synthesis of Ephedrine * Synthesis of the Norephedrine Precursor (1R*,2S*)-1-Phenyl-2-nitropropanol * Catalytic reduction of Ephedrine overview with references * Ephedra (Ma Huang) as a source of (pseudo)ephedrine - * Supercritical extraction of Pseudoephedrine from pills (Chapter 5) + * Chapter 5: Supercritical extraction of Pseudoephedrine from pills (PDF) * Biotransformations for Ephedrine Production (PDF) - * l-Phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) from Benzaldehyde + * l-Phenylacetylcarbinol (L-PAC) from Benzaldehyde (PDF) + * Phenylpropanolamine by reductive amination of L-PAC, made by fermentation of Benzaldehyde * Debunking the Myth of Ephedrine/Methamphetamine in Chicken Feed - * Ephedrine-type Alkaloid content of commercial Ephedra/Ma Huang preparations + * dl-Ephedrine by reductive amination of 1-Phenyl-1,2-propanedione + * Ephedrine-type Alkaloid content of commercial Ephedra/Ma Huang preparations (PDF) * Separation of methamphetamine from ephedrine through steam distillation * Comprehensive article on (pseudo)ephedrine acetyl ester and amide (PDF) - * Pseudoephedrine pill denaturant patents (PDF) US6359011 US6136864 + * Pseudoephedrine pill denaturant patents US6136864 (PDF) * Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Waterless A/B * Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Full Turps Cure * Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: E-Gull & IDEA Method * Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to Bee * Pseudoephedrine Extraction Technique: Straight to E + * Extraction of OTC Medications: A Preliminary Study Report by G.N. Gietzen (PDF) HI/P reduction of ephedrine @@ -226,10 +244,11 @@ Phenylalanine Related - * Reduction of L-Phenylalanine to dextroamphetamine - * Reduction of L-Phenylalanine to D-amphetamine and D-methamphetamine + * Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine + * Reduction of D-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine and d-Methamphetamine * Phenylalanine to Amphetamine-d3 - * Possible electrochemical conversion of L-phenylalanine to Dextroamphetamine + * Possible electrochemical conversion of L-Phenylalanine to d-Amphetamine + * Reduction of Tyrosine to Optically Active para-Methoxyamphetamine (PMA) Methamphetamine Impurities @@ -237,12 +256,14 @@ * Impurities Found in Methamphetamine Synthesized via chloroephedrine * Impurities Found in Illicit Amphetamine and Methamphetamine * References regarding impurities from the synthesis of methamphetamine - * Impurities in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P (PDF) - * Impurities in methamphetamine tablets found in Thailand - * Impurities in clandestinely produced amphetamine; A review - * Leuckart-specific impurities in amphetamine and methamphetamine - * Methamphetamine Impurity Profiling + * Impurities in Methamphetamine Synthesized From Ephedrine with HI/P + * Impurities in methamphetamine tablets found in Thailand (PDF) * Reidentification of a Major Impurity in Illicit Amphetamine + * By-Product Contamination of Clandestinely Prepared Amphetamines and Cocaine + * The Origin of Alkenes in Illicit Amphetamine: Examination of the Illicit Synthesis of P2P + * [Bull. Narc.] Impurities in clandestinely produced amphetamine; A review + * [Bull. Narc.] Leuckart-specific impurities in amphetamine and methamphetamine + * [Bull. Narc.] Methamphetamine Impurity Profiling (Meth)cathinone @@ -251,14 +272,18 @@ * Notes on the Synthesis of Methcathinone * The Hyperreal Methcathinone Document * Methcatinone via Jones Reagent Oxidation - * Novel simplified Methcathinone synthesis * Synthesis and resolution of Cathinone from Phenylpropanolamine * Comprehensive Methcatinone FAQ (In German) * Synthesis of Dimethylcathinone * Potentially Psychedelic Cathinone Analogs * Synthesis of Phenylpropanolamine (PPA) * Stereospecific synthesis, and optical resolution of Norpseudoephedrine - * (Methylenedioxy)Cathinone Characterization + * (Methylenedioxy)Cathinone Characterization (PDF) + * Methcathinone Radiolabeling + * Ephedrone: 2-Methylamino-1-Phenylpropan-1-One (Jeff) + * The Identification of Cathinone in Khat (Catha edulis) + * TLC Identification Test for Khat (Catha edulis) + * Synthesis of Ephedrine & Methcathinone from Propionic Acid Misc. Phenethylamines @@ -273,13 +298,16 @@ * Decarboxylation of phenylalanines to phenethylamines * Synthesis of 2C-D * Synthesis of STP (DOM) + * 2,5-Dihydroxyalkylbenzenes from Benzoquinone * Synthesis of DOC * DOB Syntheses Without LAH * Phenyl-2-nitropropenes from Propenylbenzenes + * Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using NaNO2/I2/Ethylene Glycol * Nitroalkenes from Alkenes using KNO2/I2/THF/PTC * Electrochemical transformation of alkenes to nitroalkenes * Rhodanine route from benzaldehydes to phenylacetonitriles * Synthesis of Indanylamphetamine (IAP) + * Formylation of Indane * Synthesis of 5-Methyl-MDA * Synthesis of 3-Methoxy-4-Methyl-Amphetamine (MMA) * Synthesis of 4-Fluoroamphetamine @@ -290,11 +318,13 @@ * Preparation of Phenethylamines from Benzyl Alcohols * Preparation of Anethole and Asarone epoxide with H2O2/MeCN * Synthesis of 4-Alkylthio-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehydes + * Alkylthio-benzaldehydes from Bromo-Benzaldehydes * Synthesis of Phenethylamines from Phenylacetic Acids * Synthesis of 2,3-Methylenedioxyamphetamines * Ultrasound Promoted Nitrostyrene Synthesis * 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone via Darzen Condensation * 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetone + * Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde * Synthesis of 2C-CN * Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol * Synthesis of 3-Methyl-2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde @@ -303,17 +333,14 @@ * Sodium Percarbonate Dakin Reaction: Benzaldehydes and acetophenones to phenols * Benzaldehydes to phenols using H2O2 * Synthesis of 4-Hydroxy-2,6-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde - * Conversion of Eugenol to Myristicin and Elimicin - * Composition of the Myristicin Fraction from Oil of Nutmeg * Oxidation of benzylalcohols to benzaldehydes with acidic DMSO * Benzaldehydes by reductive oxidation of benzoic acids * 3,5-Dimethoxy-4-Hydroxypropenylbenzene - * Myristicinaldehyde (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Methoxybenzadehyde) - * Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and Apiolealdehyde * Synthesis of all the Trimethoxyphenylpropenes * Synthesis of Croweacin and some of its derivatives * KG-60-NEt2 as Henry reaction catalyst * Synthesis of 3-Methyl- and 4-Methyl-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde + * Synthesis of 4-Methoxyphenol * 2,5-Dimethoxyacetophenone from Hydroquinone * Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Fluoroethylamphetamine (DOEF) * The Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by the Henry Reaction @@ -324,14 +351,33 @@ * Synthesis of 2C-T-X Nitrostyrenes * 2-Methoxy-3,4-Methylenedioxybenzaldehyde (Croweacinaldehyde) from Pyrogallol * Synthesis of Croweacinaldehyde by Vilsmeyer Formylation - * Shulgin's first report on MMDA * Shulgin's first report on TMA + * First Synthesis of DOB + * Synthesis of 4-Methyl-3-Methoxy-Amphetamine (MMA) + * Alkylation of phenolic aldehydes with trimethyl phosphate + * Thiolation of 4-Methoxyphenol to 2-Hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenol + * Shulgin & Nichols: First report on Aleph and 2C-T + * First Reported Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA) + +MMDA related + + * Shulgin's first report on MMDA + * Shulgin: MMDA Psychopharmacology + * Conversion of Eugenol to Myristicin and Elimicin + * Composition of the Myristicin Fraction from Oil of Nutmeg + * Synthesis of Myristicin + * Myristicinaldehyde (3,4-methylenedioxy-5-Methoxybenzadehyde) + * Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and Apiolealdehyde + * Homomyristicinic Acid, Myristicinaldehyde etc. from Myristicin + * Synthesis of Myristicinaldehyde and 5-Hydroxypiperonal + * 5-Hydroxyvanillin and 5-Hydroxy-3,4-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin DMMDA-2 related * Synthesis of DMMDA-2, 6-Br-DMMDA-2 and DMMDMA-2 * DMMDA-2 from dillapiole via the Delepine reaction * Isodillapiole Pseudonitrosite and Nitropropene + * 2,3-Dimethoxy-4,5-Methylenedioxy-Phenylacetone from Isodillapiole * 4,5-Dimethoxy-2,3-Methylenedioxyallylbenzene (pseudo-Dillapiole) * Syntheses of Dillapiole and its 4-Methylthio analog * Synthesis of Dillapiole and 1,2,3,4-Tetramethoxyallylbenzene @@ -354,7 +400,6 @@ Mescaline related - * Syntheses of Mescaline from Gallic acid * Mescaline from 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde via the Phenylacetonitrile * Mescaline synthesis monograph from The Alkaloids Vol III * Synthesis of Mescaline from eucalyptus sawdust @@ -365,9 +410,18 @@ * Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin * 5-Iodovanillin and 5-hydroxyvanillin from Vanillin * Synthesis of Syringaldehyde + * Syringaldehyde from Spruce and Maple Woods * Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane * 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from p-Cresol * Extraction of Mescaline from Cacti + * 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Vanillin, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde or p-Cresol + * 3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzaldehyde from Gallic Acid (3,4,5-Trimethoxybenzoic Acid) + * An Improved Synthesis of Mescaline from Gallic Acid + * Syringaldehyde from 5-Bromovanillin by Ester-catalyzed Methanolysis + * Synthesis of Mescaline from 2,6-Dimethoxyphenol using the Mannich Reaction + * Syntheses of Mescaline from Gallic acid + * Shulgin: Mescaline - The Chemistry and Pharmacology of its Analogs + * Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane 2C-B related @@ -382,28 +436,37 @@ * Synthesis of 2C-H via a mandelonitrile intermediate * A novel route to 2C-B (and 2C-D/2C-E) * Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to give 2C-H + * Catalytic hydrogenation of 2,5-dimethoxynitrostyrene to 2C-H * Improved bromination of 2C-H to 2C-B * Bromination of 2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde * Selective Bromination and Iodination of 2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde * Large-scale 2C-H bromination with pictures * Synthesis of 2C-B from Anise Oil (PDF) + * Synthesis of 2,5-Dimethoxyphenylacetic Acid, the corresponding aldehyde, alcohol and ethyl ester -Aromatic Iodination/Chlorination +Aromatic Iodination/Chlorination # - * Iodination of methoxybenzenes with I2/NaNO3 (PDF) + * Iodination of methoxybenzenes with I2/NaNO3 * Iodination of substituted benzenes with N-iodosuccinimide/TFA (PDF) - * Iodination procedure for DOI and 2C-I - * Another iodination procedure for DOI and 2C-I + * Iodination of Methoxyamphetamines (I2/AgSO4) + * Iodination of Methoxybenzenes with NIS * Aromatic Iodination * Halogenation of methoxybenzenes with N-halosuccinimides * 2C-C and DOC with N-chlorosuccinimide and perchloric acid * Synthesis of 4-Chloro-2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-C) + * Regioselective Halogenation of Aromatics Using Potassium Halides and Oxone * Regioselective Oxyiodination of Aromatics Using KI/Oxone * Regioselective Bromination of Aromatics Using KBr/Oxone * Regioselective Chlorination of Aromatics Using KCl/Oxone * Aromatic Iodination with Lead Tetraacetate as the Oxidant * Aromatic Chlorination with Sodium Hypochlorite * Synthesis of 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde + * Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using Alkali Iodides and H2SO4 + * Iodination of Methoxybenzenes using a Mixture of Potassium Iodide and Iodate + * Shulgin: Synthesis of Radio-Iodinated N,N-Dimethyl-meta-Dimethoxyamphetamines + * Shulgin: Synthesis of 121I and 125I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI) + * Shulgin: Synthesis of 123I Radioiodinated 4-Iodo-2,5-Dimethoxyamphetamine (DOI) + * Synthesis of 77Br Radiobrominated 4-Bromo-2,5-Dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine (DOB) Reductions @@ -415,6 +478,7 @@ * Reduction of Nitrostyrenes with Red-Al (Vitride) * Reduction of Nitrostyrenes to Phenethylamines using Red-Al * Miscellaneous reductions of oximes to amines + * High-Yield Oxime Preparation using CaO/Hydroxylamine·HCl * Nitrostyrene reduction using diisobutylaluminium hydride * Zinc Borohydride Reducing Agent (PDF) * Sodium Cyanoborohydride - Synthesis, Purification and Use (PDF) @@ -425,15 +489,19 @@ * Catalytic Hydrogenation of Nitrostyrenes at 1 atm H2 * Aqueous CTH with PdCl2/HCOOH/NaOH of cinnamic acids to hydrocinnamates * Synthesis and Reduction of Azides + * Reductive Acetylation: Azides to N-acetylamines with AlI3/Ac2O + * Reduction of Azides to Amines with Zinc/NH4Cl * Reduction of Nitriles to Primary Amines with Nickel Boride * Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes * Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Pd/C-Ammonium Formate CTH * Oximes from Conjugated Nitroalkenes using Lead Powder * Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Ammonium Formate * Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Zinc/Hydrazinium Formate + * Reduction of Nitroalkanes to amines using Magnesium/Hydrazinium Formate * Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with 2-phenylbenzimidazoline * Reduction of nitroalkenes to nitroalkanes with Triethylamine-Formic Acid * Poisoning and Deactivation of Palladium Catalysts (PDF) + * Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Methanolic Sodium Borohydride * Nitrostyrenes to Nitroalkanes with Borohydride Exchange Resin (BER) * Reduction of Phenylacetonitriles to Phenethylamines * Electroreduction of Carboxylic Acid Derivatives (DejaVu Format) @@ -445,10 +513,27 @@ * CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Pd/C-Decaborane * Ultrasound-Promoted Aluminum Amalgam reduction of Nitroalcohols to Aminoalcohols * Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Hydroxylamines using Boranes + * One-Pot Preparation of N-Substituted Hydroxylamines from Nitroalkenes using Boranes * Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines or Hydroxylamines using SmI2 * Reduction of Oximes to Amines with a Zn-Cu Couple * Selective Reduction of Nitro Compounds Using Formic Acid and Raney Nickel * High-yielding reduction of nitrostyrenes to amines using Al/Hg + * Reduction of oximes to amines using Magnesium/Ammonium Formate + * Catalytic Reduction of Nitriles and Oximes + * Reduction of Amides and nitriles to amines using Tetrabutylammonium Borohydride + * CTH reduction of aldehydes and ketones to carbonyl compounds + * Pd/C- Hypophosphite CTH Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes + * Varma & Kabalka: Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes with Boron Reagents (Review) + * Varma & Kabalka: Synthesis and Reduction of Conjugated Nitroalkenes (Review) + * Reduction of Nitro Compounds to Amines with Titanium(II) Reagents + * Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Amines with in situ prepared BH3·THF + * Reduction of Nitroalkenes and Nitroalkanes to Amines Using NaBH4/NiCl2 and Ultrasound + * Zinc/Ammonium Formate: Reduction of Oximes to Amines + * Benzyl Group Hydrogenolysis Using Zinc and Ammonium Formate + * Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Oximes using Chromium(II)Chloride + * Reduction of Nitroalkenes to Ketones using Chromium(II)Chloride + * Review: Catalytic Hydrogen Transfer Reductions Using Ammonium Formate + * CTH Reduction of Nitroalkanes to Amines Tryptamines @@ -490,6 +575,7 @@ * 5-Methoxy-N-Methyltryptamine (O,N-Dimethylserotonin), synthesis, isolation and analysis * 5-MeO-DMT Analysis: Quantitative & Qualitative TLC (PDF) * Synthesis of DMT by Alkylating Indole Grignard Reagents + * Synthesis of Deuterated DMT and 5-MeO-DMT LSD @@ -520,6 +606,7 @@ Opiates and Opioids * Codeine to Morphine Conversion Review + * "Homebake" Labs: Codeine to Morphine and Heroin * Extraction and purification of morphine from opium * New patent on the extraction and purification of morphine from opium * Opium - Poppy Cultivation, Morphine and Heroin Manufacture @@ -531,25 +618,23 @@ * Synthesis of Levorphanol (levo-Dromoran) * Synthesis of Pethidine (Demerol) * One-step synthesis of Prodine - * Theoretical Study of Acyclic Fentanyl Analogs - * Methadone Synthesis Overview * Morphine and structurally related analgesics * Pethidine-type Analgesics Overview * The Stereochemistry of Morphine * Total Synthesis of Morphine * Codeine FAQ * Chromic's Coldwater Codeine Extraction + * Synthesis of a Clonitazene/Etonitazene Analog + * Conversion of Thebaine to Codeine + * Anileridine Synthesis and Pharmacology + +Hydrocodone/Hydromorphone + * Codeinone from Thebaine * Catalytic rearrangement of Morphine/Codeine to Hydromorphone/Hydrocodone * Quantitative Conversion of Codeine to Hydrocodone * 14-Hydroxycodeinone from Codeine (PDF) * 14-Hydroxycodeinone from Thebaine (PDF) - * Synthesis of a Clonitazene/Etonitazene Analog - * Conversion of Thebaine to Codeine - * Synthesis of Methadone - * Dibenzo-18-crown-6 as PTC in Bockmühl’s synthesis of Methadone - * Methadone Chemistry: A Review - * Anileridine Synthesis and Pharmacology Oxycodone/Oxymorphone @@ -558,6 +643,12 @@ * Oxymorphone from Oxycodone * Oxymorphone from Oxycodone with BBr3 +Methadone + + * Synthesis of Methadone + * Dibenzo-18-crown-6 as PTC in Bockmühl's synthesis of Methadone + * Methadone Chemistry: A Review + Fentanyl related * Fentanyl Synthesis @@ -568,6 +659,8 @@ * Synthesis and evaluation of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl (PDF) * Theoretical study of 2,3-seco-Fentanyl and other Fentanyl analogs * Fentanyl Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects + * The Identification of China White + * Designer Drugs: Past History and Future Prospects Heroin related @@ -586,11 +679,13 @@ * Synthesis and evaluation of the GHB analogs MAB and DABD * Dehydrogenation of 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD) to gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) * References for the oxidation of THF to GBL + * Synthesis of GHB/GBL from GABA (Sandmeyer Reaction) * Sodium bromate oxidation of THF to GBL (PDF) * Solvent-free Permanganate oxidation of THF and 1,4-butanediol to GBL * Hypochlorite oxidation of 1,4-butanediol to GBL * Potential for gamma-Butyrolactone Synthesis from Tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-Butanediol * 1,4-Butanediol (1,4-BD, BDO) - Forensic Profile + * Oxidation of THF to GBL with Calcium Hypochlorite Dissociatives @@ -620,7 +715,7 @@ * A Practical Total Synthesis of Cocaine's Enantiomers * Synthesis of Cocaine * Synthesis of Cocaine analogs from Arecoline - * Topics in the chemistry of cocaine + * [Bull. Narc.] Topics in the chemistry of cocaine * Coca Cultivation & Cocaine Processing * Nitrone Synthetic Route to Cocaine * Cocaine containing plants @@ -635,6 +730,7 @@ * Large info/synthesis collection on 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh) * Appearance of Aminorex as a Designer Analog of 4-Methylaminorex * The Stereoisomers of 4-Methylaminorex (U4Euh) + * A Fatality Involving U4Euh * para-Fluoro-4-Methylaminorex * Pemoline Synthesis * Chemistry of 2-Amino-Oxazolines @@ -659,6 +755,7 @@ * Barbiturates, their chemistry and synthesis * Notes on Adrenochrome * Improved extraction of Salvinorins from Salvia Divinorum + * Salvinorin Extraction and Refinement FAQ v7.6 * Possible synthesis of Salvinorin * The Salvia Divinorum Grower's Guide * The Chemistry and Pharmacology of Kava-Kava @@ -695,8 +792,10 @@ * Synthesis of Aromatic Aldehydes (Review) * Anilines to Benzaldehydes (Organic Syntheses) * Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners + * Oxalic Acid from Household Cleaners (Improved Method) * Info on nutmeg, extraction of nutmeg oil and isolation of myristicin * Bromobenzene + * Iodobenzene * Mandelic Acid and Derivatives * para-Benzoquinone * Toluquinone and Toluhydroquinone @@ -746,12 +845,17 @@ * 6-Nitro- and 4-Nitro-2,5-Dimethoxybenzaldehyde * Optically active cyanohydrins by use of Almond meal * The preparation and use of Diazomethane + * The preparation and use of Methylene Sulfate + * The preparation of Ethyl and Methyl Sulfonic Acid Esters from Ortoformates + * Bromination Method for Anilines and Anisoles Using NH4Br/H2O2 in Acetic Acid Inorganic + * Iodine Fact File * Iodine crystals from Povidone-Iodine * Iodine from Iodides with Ultrasound * Iodine from Iodine tincture + * Phosphorus Fact File * Red Phosphorous from matchbook strikers * Chemical Behaviour of Red Phosphorus in Water * Cyanogen Iodide (ICN) @@ -770,7 +874,6 @@ * Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride * Manganese(III)acetate * H2O2 FAQ from H2O2.com - * H2O2 FAQ * Cyanogen Bromide (CNBr) * Liquid Anhydrous Ammonia * Aluminum Chloride and Aluminum Bromide @@ -783,11 +886,13 @@ * Tetrakis(Triphenylphosphine)Palladium(0) * Chlorotris(Triphenylphosphine)Rhodium(I) (Wilkinson's Catalyst) * Pyrophosphoryl Chloride + * Preparation of the hydrated diacetate salts of Chromium(II) and Copper(II) Preparation of Gases * Preparation of 57% Hydriodic Acid * Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide and 57% Hydriodic Acid + * Anhydrous Hydrogen Iodide from 57% aqueous HI and phosphorous pentoxide * Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride * Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride (Ghetto Prep) * Anhydrous Hydrogen Chloride [ HCl(aq) + CaCl2 ] @@ -804,6 +909,7 @@ * Buying Chemicals, Glassware and Lab Equipment * Abstracts from the forensic journal J. Cland. Lab. Invest. Chem. Assoc. * Yogi Shan's Clandestine Chemistry FAQ + * Clandestine Drug Laboratories * DEA report on future synthetic drugs of abuse * Alexander Shulgin elaborates on future drugs of abuse * Review: Clandestine Drug Synthesis @@ -890,6 +996,14 @@ * Rotary Evaporators - Theory & Practice * Parr Hydrogenation Apparatus Manual * Hydrogen Chloride Gas Generators Associated with Clandestine Drug Labs + * Efficient and Inexpensive Apparatus for Hot Filtration + * Inexpensive Microscale Magnetic Stirrer + * Pump-less Condenser Cooling Water Circulator + * Small Scale Reactor for Ultraviolet Photochemistry + * New Glassware for Small-Scale Distillation + * Microscale Vacuum Distillation Apparatus for Simple Separations + * Design for a Miniature Portable Fume Hood + * Construction of a Compact Steam Distillation Apparatus Chromatography @@ -901,10 +1015,16 @@ * First journal article describing flash chromatography * Amateur Chromatography and Electrophoresis * Flash Pad Chromatography - Simple Alternative to Columns + * Dry Column Vacuum Chromatography + * Dry-Column Flash Chromatography + * 'Dry Flash' Column Chromatography + * TLC Mesh Column Chromatography * Dry-Column Chromatography (High-capacity TLC Derivative Method) * Detection (Visualization) of TLC Zones * Manual Microscale Column Chromatography Pressurization Apparatus * Quantitative & Qualitative TLC Analysis: Digital Image Processing With any Digital Camera (PDF) + * Column Chromatography Tutorial (Microscale) + * Safe and Efficient Flash Chromatography Equipment for the Small Lab Solvents @@ -953,6 +1073,7 @@ * Red P/Iodine Reduction of Pseudoephedrine to Methamphetamine * PCP Synthesis via Enamine Intermediate * Methylamine from Ammonium Chloride and Formaldehyde + * Illustrated Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trimethoxy-beta-nitrostyrene and 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-2-nitroethane * Distillation apparatus setup (Quicktime) * Vacuum distillation procedure (Windows Media File) * Organic Laboratory Instructional Video Clips @@ -965,6 +1086,8 @@ * An introduction to catalytic transfer hydrogenation * PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hydrogen Peroxide * PTC Oxidation of Alcohols Using Hypochlorite + * Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with NaBr-Oxone + * Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohols to Benzaldehydes with DMSO * General procedure for Collins reagent oxidations * Psychotomimetic Chemical Weapons * Technical information on hard gelatin capsules @@ -974,6 +1097,7 @@ * Grignard Reactions in "Wet" Ether * Aldehydes from grignard reagents and formic acid salts * Aldehydes from grignard reagents using 2-(N-Methyl,N-Formylamino)pyridine + * Reduction of Acid Chlorides to Aldehydes using Sodium Borohydride & Pyridine * Wizard X's Homepage * The Complete Organic Synthesis online (with structure search engine) * The Collected Rantings of the alt.drugs.chemistry Legend POPeye @@ -991,12 +1115,17 @@ * Organic Structure Determination Bibliography * The Watcher's Chemistry Works (Snapshot Jan 2003) * CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups - * Oxidation of Benzylalcohols to Benzaldehydes with DMSO + * CTH Removal of N-Benzyl groups * Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution - Activation, Deactivation and Regioselectivity * E-Book: 'Hydrogenation Methods' by Paul. N. Rylander (DejaVu Format) * Synthesis of Methanesulfonate Esters (Mesylates) From Alcohols * The Biochemistry of Drugs and Poisons (PDF) * The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) Research Monographs + * 1-Methyl-4-Phenyl-1,2,3,6-Tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): One Designer Drug and Serendipity + * Two-Carbon Homologation of Grignard Reagents to Primary Amines + * One-Pot Synthesis of Carbamates: Alkylation of Amines with R-O-Ts/PTC/K2CO3/CO2 + * Rapid Reduction of Carbonyl Group to Methylene with PMHS-B(C6F5)3 + * Cyanuric Chloride: Converting Carboxylic Acids into Chlorides/Esters/Amides References @@ -1007,9 +1136,11 @@ * Synthesis of Nitrostyrenes by Condensation of Benzaldehydes with Nitroalkanes * Neurotransmitter.Net - Great Abstracted Neuropharmacology Archive * The collected works of hallucinogen researcher Richard A Glennon + * Organic Structure Determination Bibliography * The Albert Hofmann Collection: LSD & Psilocybin References * MDMA: A Review of the English-Language Scientific and Medical Literature * Detection and Analysis of Drugs of Forensic Interest, Literature Review 1992-2001 + * Literature Review: Forensic Analysis of GHB, GBL and 1,4-BD Microwave Chemistry Research @@ -1031,4 +1162,5 @@ * MW-chem: Wolff-Kishner reduction of ketones to hydrocarbons (PDF) * MW-chem: Oxidation of Alcohols to Ketones * MW-chem: High-yielding Azidation of Primary and Secondary Tosylates + * MW-chem: Solvent-Free Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Inactive Aryl Halides