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dr nwoambi is a psychologist
1. In order to stop experimental subjects from trying to confirm the scientist's hypothesis, psychologist sometimes _____."
	obtain written promises from participants to be honest
	maintain subject confidentiality
------>	deceive participants about the true purpose of the experiment
	allow people to chose when they want to leave the study
	3
2. Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct?
	There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to animals.
	There are rules that prevent the killing of animals.
------>	Pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary.
	New ethical guidelines prevent the use of primates in psychological research.
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	3
3. A correlation coefficient represents two things: _____ and _____.
	a representative sample; strength
------>	strength; direction of the relationship
	the experimental group; control group
	direction of the relationship; expectant functionality
	2
4. A correlation coefficient shows that smoking and life expectancy are indeed related. As a result, a researcher could predict _____ if the direction of the relationship is known.
	if a person smokes a lot of cigarettes, he or she will have less money monthly to buy gas
------>	the person's life expectancy will go up or down based on the number of cigarettes the person smokes daily
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	if a person smokes cigarettes, he or she will eventually develop lung cancer
	a person's lungs will repair themselves and he or she will live a longer life
	2
5. The word correlation is often used as a synonym for _____.
	validity
	reliability
	variable
------>	relationship
	4
6. A psychologist uses the correlational method to _____.
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	explain the effects of one variable on another
------>	identify relationships between variables
	determine what causes a variable to change
	compare two groups of subjects
	2
7. A correlation is a numerical measure of the _____.
	unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter
------>	strength of the relationship between two variables
	behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time
	behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time
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	2
8. If psychologists find that rich people are less satisfied with their jobs compared to poor people, this would mean that wealth and job satisfaction are _____.
	causally related
------>	negatively correlated
	independent variables
	positively correlated
	2
9. Dr. Wiseman wants to know about the alcohol consumption patterns among college juniors in the United States. He should _____.
	give the survey to every college junior in the country
	remember that sample size is the most critical factor in survey research
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	require students' names on each survey to avoid the tendency to lie
------>	draw a representative sample among college juniors
	4
10. A psychologist evaluated Tameka, an eight-year-old child who has experienced difficulty in school. The psychologist sent questionnaires to 100 teachers to determine if they had ever seen similar cases. Based on the teachers' responses, the psychologist hypothesized that a particular diet might cause the learning problem. Following her tabulation of the responses, she designed a study that would tell her if diet were the actual cause. Which of the following lists, in order from first to last, the research methods this psychologist used?
	experiment, case study, survey
------>	case study, survey, experiment
	correlation, case study, experiment
	naturalistic observation, survey, experiment
	2
11. In a group of five people, two report annual incomes of $25,000 and the other three report incomes of $34,000, $46,000, and $105,000, respectively. The mode of this group's distribution of incomes is _____.
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------>	$25,000
	$34,000
	$46,000
	$47,000
	1
12. The editors of Scientific American are able to obtain a representative sample of their readers in order to assess their attitudes toward preservation of the rain forests in Costa Rica. When interpreting the results of their survey, the editors will be able to _____.
	apply the results to the entire U.S. population
	apply the results to Costa Rica
------>	apply the results to subscribers of Scientific American
	apply the result to scientists
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	3
13. A case study would be the most appropriate method to investigate which of these topics?
	The ways in which the games of boys differ from the games of girls.
------>	The development of a male baby raised as a female after a surgical error destroyed his penis.
	The math skills of students in Japan as compared to those of U.S. students.
	Physiological changes that occur when people watch violent movies.
	2
14. Jane Goodall's research with chimpanzees and gorillas can best be described as _____.
	experimentation
	a case study
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------>	naturalistic observation
	participant observation
	3
15. In an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent variable is the _____.
	amount of anxiety
	age of the person
------>	person's performance
	cause of the anxiety 
	3
16. In a laboratory, smokers are asked to "drive" using a computerized driving simulator equipped with a stick shift and a gas pedal. The object is to maximize the distance covered by driving as fast as possible on a winding road while avoiding rear-end collisions. Some of the participants smoke a real cigarette immediately before climbing into the driver's seat. Others smoke a fake cigarette without nicotine. You are interested in comparing how many collisions the two groups have. In this study, the independent variable is _____.
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------>	the use of nicotine
	the use of a driving simulator
	the number of collisions
	the driving skills of each driver
	1
17. "If children watch violent cartoons then they will become more aggressive."  According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a _____.
	conclusion
	result
------>	hypothesis
	fact
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	3
18. _____ is a system used for reducing bias and error in the measurement of data.
	Statistics
------>	The scientific method
	Checks and balances
	The double-blind method
	2
19. After reading about the possible causes of schizophrenia, a scientist thinks that a virus is the most likely cause. What term most accurately describes the scientist's idea? 
------>	hypothesis 
	dependent variable 
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	extraneous variable 
	experimental estimate
	1
20. Sherri believes that she plays better soccer when she wears her lucky socks. Sherri is falling into a statistical trap called _____.
	statistical significance
	overconfidence
------>	illusory correlation
	hindsight bias
	3
21. In a controlled experiment, the group subjected to a change in the independent variable is called the _____ group.
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	independent
------>	experimental
	dependent
	control
	2
22. Ideally, everything in the experimental situation except the _____ is held constant. 
	inferential statistics
	placebos
------>	independent variables
	hypotheses
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	3
23. A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told then that as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be "tested" alone. In this study, the group that was NOT frightened would be called the _____ group.
	experimental
------>	control
	placebo
	test
	2
24. Sandy Sue was participating in an experiment in which she was given a pill that was supposed to cause her to get drowsy. Five minutes after taking the pill, Sandy Sue reported that she felt drowsy and wanted to lie down. The pill was actually made of sugar and had no ingredients to cause drowsiness. How do you explain Sandy Sue's drowsy feeling?
	experimenter effect
------>	placebo effect
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	subject bias
	treatment effect
	2
25. You are at a basketball game and the arena is packed; the crowd is evenly split between fans of the two teams. At one point, the referee makes a call. Half of the fans yell insults; the other half of the fans shout their approval. The event reminds you of the topic of today's lecture in psychology class. What was the likely topic of the lecture?
------>	bias
	experiments
	psychoanalysis
	extraneous variables
	1
26. If you are interested in how patterns, beliefs, and customs influence behavior, you are interested in the _____ perspective.
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	behavioral
------>	sociocultural
	psychodynamic
	cognitive
	2
27. Samantha just had her purse stolen while walking down Fifth Avenue in New York City which is a very busy part of Manhattan. She screamed loudly, and several people looked in her direction, but nobody stopped walking or made an attempt to help. She immediately broke down in tears and trembled for 10 minutes until she could walk to her car. This is an example of _____.
	democracy
------>	bystander effect
	diffusion of effects
	flaws in the judicial system
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	2
28. In 1879, in Leipzig, Germany, the first psychological laboratory was developed by _____.
	William James
	William Tell
------>	Wilhelm Wundt
	Sigmund Freud
	3
29. Jeff's car broke down and smoke started rising from the engine. He felt lucky to have broken down while parked in the center of town during lunch when many people were outside and could help. However, 30 minutes has passed and despite the heavily populated area, nobody has offered assistance. This is an example of the _____.
	zeitgeist
	behaviorist effect
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------>	bystander effect
	self-serving prophecy
	3
30. Which perspective assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because it served a useful function in preserving the species?
	Psychoanalysis
	behaviorism
	cognitive psychology
------>	evolutionary psychology
	4
31. Why was the perspective followed by Wilhelm Wundt and his followers called structuralism?
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	They wanted to identify the major brain structures.
	Their primary goal was to understand the physiology of the mind.
	They focused their efforts on analyzing the elements of the nervous system.
------>	Their primary focus was on describing the structure of conscious experience.
	4
32. The class is playing a game of Jeopardy! and it is your turn. "I'll take Pioneers in Psychology for $50." The revealed answer is "Focused on unconscious factors and relied on the case study method." Just before the buzzer sounds, what will you say?
	"Who is B. F. Skinner?"
	"Who are the humanists?"
------>	"Who is Sigmund Freud?"
	"Who are the behaviorists?"
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	3
33. Darley and Latan� (1968) believe that the presence of other people in a distressing situation decreased the likelihood that they would receive help due to _____.
	diffusion of anonymity
------>	diffusion of responsibility
	flaws in laws protecting Good Samaritans
	timeliness of onset
	2
34. What did Sigmund Freud consider as the key to understanding the nervous disorders he observed?
	free will
	brain physiology
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------>	unconscious mind
	external consequences
	3
35. Self-actualization was part of which of the following perspectives?
	Behaviorism
	Cognitive perspective
	Functionalism 
------>	Humanism
	4
36. The school of psychology called structuralism used a technique called _____, which involved reporting the contents of consciousness to study a person's experiences.
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	intervention
------>	introspection
	insight inventory
	induction
	2
37. Suppose you were a graduate student studying for a Ph.D. in psychology in the 1920s. Your advisor was strongly influenced by John B. Watson. Which of the following might your advisor consider an acceptable choice for your research?
	A survey of daydreams
------>	An analysis of how specific behaviors are acquired
	A survey of sexual imagery in dreams of men and women
	An analysis of the thought processes students report while answering test items
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	2
38. Participants in research early in psychology's history might have been asked to view a chair and describe its color, shape, and texture and other aspects of their conscious experience. These individuals would have been using a method called _____.
	hypnosis
------>	introspection
	psychosurgery
	psychoanalysis
	2
39. Professor Wenches approaches questions about human behavior from a perspective that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces or conflicts. It is most likely that she accepts which of the following psychological approaches?
	social-cognitive learning
	learning
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	cognitive approach
------>	psychodynamic approach
	4
40. Who was an early proponent of functionalism?
	Ivan Pavlov 
------>	William James
	Wilhelm Wundt
	Max Wertheimer
	2
41. The process of hearing sounds takes place in the:
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	limbic system
	sensory cortex
	reticular formation
	association areas
------>	auditory cortex
	5
42. Which of the following body parts is associated with the greatest amount of brain tissue in the sensory cortex?
	arms
	fingers
------>	face
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	trunk
	knees
	3
43. Cortical areas not primarily concerned with sensory, language, or motor functions are:
	called projection areas
	called emotional areas
------>	called association areas
	located in the temporal lobe
	located in the occipital lobe
	3
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44. Luke is recovering from damage in his left frontal lobe. He is having trouble speaking. Luke's problem is:
	split-brain
	spatial neglect
	myopia
------>	Broca's aphasia
	Wernicke's aphasia
	4
45. The cell body of a neuron is also called the:
	axon
	dendrite
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	nucleas
------>	soma
	myelin sheath
	4
46. Which of the following is NOT a part of a neuron?
------>	neurotransmitter
	myelin sheath
	soma
	axon
	axon terminal
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	1
47. The speed at which an action potential travels is increased when the axon is encased by a(n):
	association area
------>	myelin sheath
	endocrine gland
	glial cell
	synapse
	2
48. Which of the following structures is considered to be the fundamental building block of the nervous system?
	soma
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------>	neuron
	axon terminals
	dendrites
	neurotransmitter
	2
49. Branching extensions of the neuron are:
	neurotransmitters
	glial cells
------>	dendrites
	axons
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	glands
	3
50. The fatty tissue that protects the axon and gives nerves their whitish color is called:
	neuropeptides
	axon terminals
------>	myelin
	receptor sites
	endorphins
	3
51. The central nervous system consists of:
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	sensory and motor neurons
	somatic and autonomic subsystems
------>	the brain and the spinal cord
	sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
	afferent and efferent neurons
	3
52. The role of the parasympathetic nervous system is to:
	prepare the body for flight-or-flight response
------>	establish homeostasis after the fight-or-flight response
	prompt the body to use its resources in responding to an emergency
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	prepare the body to cope with stress
	communicate between the afferent and efferent neurons
	2
53. The two major divisions of the nervous system are the central and the ________nervous systems:
	autonomic
	sympathetic
	parasympathetic
------>	peripheral
	somatic
	4
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54. Motor neurons transmit signals to:
------>	muscles and glands
	interneurons
	efferent neurons
	afferent neurons
	sensory neurons
	1
55. Information is carried from the central nervous system to the body's tissues by:
	interneurons
	sensory neurons
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------>	 motor neurons
	afferent neurons
	the glial cells
	3
56. Following a head injury, a person has difficulty staying awake. Most likely, the damage occurred to the: 
	thalamus
	corpus callosum
------>	reticular formation
	angular gyrus
	cerebellum
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	3
57. The benefits of brain plasticity are most clearly demonstrated in:
------>	children who have had a cerebral hemisphere surgically removed
	individuals with Alzheimer's disease
	adults with aphasia
	elderly stroke patients
	people free of any disease or brain damage
	1
58. A bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two brain hemispheres is known as the:
	fissure
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	limbic system
------>	corpus callosum
	association areas
	angular gyrus
	3
59. Damage to the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to reduce a person's ability to:
------>	solve arithmetic problems
	copy drawings
	recognize faces
	recognize familiar melodies
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	process whole patterns
	1
60. A drug that mimics the effects of a particular neurotransmitter or blocks its reuptake is called a(n):
	glutamate
	steroid
	antagonist
------>	agonist
	opiate
	4
61. Schizophrenia is most closely linked with excess receptor activity for the neurotransmitter:
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------>	dopamine
	epinephrine
	acetylcholine
	serotonin
	GABA
	1
62. A synaptic gap is a(n):
	chemical messenger that triggers muscle contractions
	automatic response to sensory input
	neural network
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------>	junction between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron
	neural cable containing many axons
	4
63. Opiate drugs act as agonist and occupy the same receptor sites as:
	acetylcholine
	serotonin
------>	endorphins
	dopamine
	epinephrine
	3
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64. Endorphins are considered:
------>	neurotransmitters
	sex hormones
	hormones
	endocrine glands
	morphine agonists
	1
65. Evidence indicates that Alzheimer's disease is most closely linked to the loss of neurons that produce:
	dopamine
------>	acetylcholine
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	serotonin
	epinephrine
	endorphins
	2
66. Communication within a neuron is ________________. Communication between neurons is ______________________.
	electrical; electrical
------>	electrical; chemical
	chemical; chemical
	chemical; electrical
	chemical; electrochemical
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	2
67. The brief electrical charge that travels down the axon of a neuron is called the:
	synapse
	agonist
------>	action potential
	myelin sheath
	refractory period
	3
68. Increasing excitatory signals above threshold levels for neural activation will not affect the intensity of an action potential. This indicates that the reaction of a neuron is:
	inhibited by the myelin sheath
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	delayed by the refractory period
------>	an all-or-none response
	independent of the repolarization
	dependent on neurotransmitter molecules
	3
69. The depolarization of a neural membrane creates a(n):
------>	action potential
	myelin sheath
	lesion
	neural network
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	interneuron
	1
70. An action potential is generated by the movement of:
	glial cells
	hormones
	vesicles
	neuropeptides
------>	ions
	5
71. The 'all-or-none' principal refers to the fact that:
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	all neurons in the brain either fire or none of them fire
	neurotransmitters are released into the synapse or not
------>	action potentials occur completely or they do not occur at all
	an electrical current crosses the synapse or not at all
	nerve cells are active in a lobe or not
	3
72. A technique psychologists use to measure electrical activity in the brain is:
------>	EEG
	lesion
	fMRI
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	CAT scan
	PET scan
	1
73. To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n):
------>	PET scan
	hemispherectomy
	CT scan
	lobotomy
	brain lesions
	1
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74. Computer-generated color images of the brain that provide information about brain activity and glucose metabolism are produced by which brain imaging technique?
	CAT scan
------>	PET scan
	EEG
	MRI
	lesioning
	2
75. Which of the following techniques would researchers inject a harmless, radioactive substance into a brain to examine activity?
	EEG
	CAT scan
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------>	PET scan
	MRI
	lesioning
	3
76. To measure electrical activity in the brain, one should conduct a(n):
	MRI
------>	EEG
	PET scan
	CT scan
	split-brain procedure
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	2
77. A person who sustains major injuries to the medulla will:
	be paralyzed
	fall into a coma
	suffer from aphasia
	experience a loss of vision
------>	die
	5
78. The structure of the brain considered most important to our feeding behaviors is the:
	hippocampus
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	medulla
	thalamus
------>	hypothalamus
	amygdala
	4
79. Which brain structure relays information from the eyes to the visual cortex?
------>	thalamus
	amygdala
	medulla
	hippocampus
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	cerebellum
	1
80. The section of the brainstem responsible for controlling heartbeat and breathing is called the:
	cerebellum
------>	medulla
	reticular formation
	thalamus
	2
81. Which of the following brain structures has been linked with the regulation of hunger, thirst, and body temperature?
	hippocampus
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	thalamus
------>	hypothalamus
	amygdala
	pons
	3
82. Carolina was always hungry. After visiting the doctor, she was told that her _________was producing too much insulin, causing low blood sugar.
	pituitary gland
	adrenal gland
	gonads
	thyroid gland
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------>	pancreas
	5
83. In response to high blood sugar levels, the pancreas releases which hormone?
	endorphins
	acetylcholine
	serotonin
	epinephrine
------>	insulin
	5
84. The master gland of the endocrine system is the:
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	thyroid gland
	hypothalamus
	adrenal gland
------>	pituitary gland
	pancreas
	4
85. The endocrine system consists of:
	glial cells
	neural networks
	interneurons
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------>	glands
	fissures
	4
86. The process by which physical sensations are converted into neural messages consecutively to be sent to the brain for perception is known as:
	transfusion
	just noticeable difference
------>	transduction
	transensation
	subliminal perception
	3
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87. The smallest difference between two stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time it is present is called:
	absolute threshold
------>	difference threshold
	sensory adaptation
	subliminal perception
	sensory perception
	2
88. The reality that stress increases your sensitivity to faint pain stimuli is important to a student's understanding of:
------>	signal detection theory
	place theory
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	frequency theory
	opponent process theory
	placebo theory
	1
89. Weber's law would be applicable in a student's understanding of:
	absolute threshold
	subliminal threshold
------>	difference threshold
	sensory adaptation
	sensory interaction
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	3
90. Men tend to have more _____ in their dreams than do women.
	cars
	females
------>	physical aggression
	physical activity
	happiness
	3
91. A revised version of the activation-synthesis explanation of dreams in which information that is accessed during waking hours can have an influence on the synthesis of dreams is known as:
	activation-synthesis hypothesis
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------>	activation-information model
	activation-synthesis medium
	activation-synthesis theory
	activation-information dreams
	2
92. The "hidden observer" theory of hypnosis emphasizes the role of _____ in hypnosis.
	social role-playing
	habituation
	suggestion effect
------>	dissociation
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	age regression
	4
93. Marcia, a senior in college, has a 4.0 GPA. She wakes up the morning before her Developmental Psychology final and remembered her dream where she failed the exam with a 38%. Using the Freudian perspective of dreams, the 38% on the exam represents the _____ content of her dream.
------>	manifest 
	latent 
	symbolic 
	hidden 
	activation synthesis
	1
94. During the process of sleep, the pineal gland received instructions from the suprachiasmatic nucleus on when to release _____. The suprachiasmatic nucleus is trigger by sunlight and knows when to signal the pineal gland. That way you know to wake up!
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	serotonin
	cortisol
------>	melatonin
	dopamine
	endorphins
	3
95. Randall, a sophomore in college, sporadically stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up to gasping for air and then falls back to sleep very quickly. Larry's college roommate complains that Larry loudly snores every night. Larry may be suffering from:
	narcolepsy
	night terrors
	insomnia
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	sleep snoring
------>	sleep apnea
	5
96. What is the theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active?
------>	adaptive sleep theory
	restorative sleep theory
	safety sleep theory
	protective sleep theory
	internal sleep theory
	1
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97. The increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights is known as:
	REM paralysis
	REM sleep
------>	REM rebound
	REM reduction
	REM behavior disorder
	3
98. The long, slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep are known as:
	alpha
	beta
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------>	delta
	gamma
	chi
	3
99. Pain Sensations in the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints that are carried on large nerve fibers are called:
	visceral pain
------>	somatic pain
	referred pain
	phantom pain
	indigenous pain
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	2
100. The sense of the location of body parts in relation to the ground and each other is called:
	vestibular Sense
------>	kinesthetic sense
	habituation
	olfaction
	gustation
	2
101. Which sensory receptors would play biggest part in alerting you when you have forgotten to wash your gym socks for 3 weeks?
	feature receptors
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	somesthetic sense
	vestibular sense
------>	olfactory receptors
	smell detectors
	4
102. Lindemann suggested to the world in 1966 that there was fifth primary taste called:
------>	brothy
	spicy
	peppery
	minty
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	cool
	1
103. The sense of taste is also known as:
	olfaction
	habituation
	sensation
	kinethesis
------>	gustation
	5
104. This is the short tunnel that runs from the pinna to the eardrum.
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	cochlea
	oval window
	ossicles
------>	auditory canal
	hammer
	4
105. Jose believes that humans are able to hear because the hair cells in the ear's cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where the hair cells are located. Which theory of pitch does Jose hold to?
	hair cell theory
	frequency theory	
	cochlear theory
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------>	place theory
	tympanic theory
	4
106. Which of the following would be the most effective treatment for someone suffering from nerve hearing impairment?
	TAD
------>	cochlear implant
	hearing aid
	OBI
	there is no way to help them
	2
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107. Dr. Harshbarger works with Cochlear Implants. What type of patients would she be working with?
	loss of position
	loss of movement
------>	nerve hearing loss
	conduction hearing loss
	loss of balance
	3
108. Vivian suffered from very serious ear infections as a young child. As a result, she has suffered hearing loss. What type of hearing impairment does Vivian suffer with?
	Nerve
------>	conduction
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	infection
	volley
	pitch
	2
109. After drinking 6 bottles of beer, William feels a lower sense of shame about the way he acted toward his co-workers. Lewis' reduced remorse levels most likely are because of the fact that alcohol is a:
	stimulant
------>	depressant
	hallucinogen
	aggitator
	aggressor
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	2
110. The physical symptoms that can include nausea, pain, tremors, crankiness, and high blood pressure, resulting from a lack of an addictive drug in the body systems is called:
	physical dependence
	psychological dependence
	tolerance
------>	withdrawal
	psychoactive
	4
111. A distorted state of awareness in which a person sees amazing images and often feels like they are floating "above their body"� can be linked with what hallucinogenic drug?
	caffeine
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	cocaine
------>	LSD
	aspirin
	morphine
	3
112. Which of the drugs listed below would be identified as a stimulant?
	LSD
	alcohol
------>	nicotine
	morphine
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	benzodiazepines
	3
113. When you receive information from your senses that seem to conflict with each other, which sense is the dominate sense over the other senses?
------>	seeing
	smelling
	hearing
	touching
	kinesthesis
	1
114. When a baby is born, a baby does not possess the ability to perceive the world in three dimensions. This develops early in infancy. The newborn baby is lacking:
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	height perception
------>	depth perception
	dimension perception
	pictorial depth
	monocular cue
	2
115. The fast movement of briefly flashed images in an animated motion picture produces what effect?
	subliminal messaging
	convergence
	autokinetic effect
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------>	stroboscopic movement
	Phi phenomenon
	4
116. The method by which the sensations experienced at any given moment are interpreted and organized in some meaningful fashion is called:
------>	perception
	sensation
	detection
	priming
	generalization
	1
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117. The perception that occurs when objects that a person expects to be of a certain size appear to be small and are, therefore, assumed to be much farther away is called:
	interposition
	aerial perspective
	linear perspective
	overlap
------>	relative size
	5
118. What is the purity of the color people perceive?
------>	saturation
	visible spectrum
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	wavelength
	hue
	radial kerototomy
	1
119. What is the function of the lens in the eye?
	it sends visual information to the brain
	it changes size depending on the amount of light in the environment
	it is the central area of the retina
	it controls the size of the pupil
------>	it changes shape to bring objects into focus
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	5
120. The recovery of the eye's sensitivity to visual stimuli in darkness after exposure to bright lights is known as:
	light recovery
------>	dark recovery
	visual capture
	visual accommodation
	blindness
	2
121. The opponent-process theory believes that the sense receptors are organized in the retina in pairs. Red is paired with _________________ and yellow is paired with _____________.
	blue; black
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	yellow; black
	green; black
------>	green; blue
	blue; black
	4
122.  Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants __________.
	do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return
	protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns
------>	cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns 
	are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return
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	are not concerned upon separation and do not respond to her return
	3
123. Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) _________ child.
------>	easy
	difficult
	slow-to-warm-up
	undemanding
	avoidant
	1
124. Chester is irritable, loud, and negative most of the time. He does not like it when new people pick him up, and he has irregular sleeping, eating, and waking schedules. According to Thomas and Chess, what temperament does Chester exhibit?
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	active
	slow-to-warm-up
------>	difficult
	easy
	unconventional
	3
125. Between the ages of 5 and 12, children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort. Erikson refers to this stage of life as ___________.
	trust versus mistrust
	autonomy versus shame and doubt
------>	industry versus inferiority
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	initiative versus guilt
	intimacy versus isolation
	3
126. Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of ______.
	identity versus role diffusion
	industry versus inferiority
------>	initiative versus guilt	
	autonomy versus shame and doubt
	intimacy versus isolation
	3
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127. Mothers who were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants. 
	securely
------>	avoidant
	ambivalent
	disorganized/disoriented
	slow-to-warm-up
	2
128. Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development?
	integrity versus despair
	intimacy versus isolation 
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	generativity versus stagnation
	industry versus inferiority 
------>	identity versus role confusion 
	5
129. On big moral issues, parents and teens tend to __________.
	completely disagree
------>	be in agreement
	are not familiar with each other's position
	have intense arguments
	have mild to moderate arguments
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	2
130. The development of formal operations in adolescence leads to ______.
	extroverted behavior
	a lessening of self-analysis compared to preoperational thought
------>	introspection and egocentrism
	thinking in terms of concrete things
	thinking more about others than themselves
	3
131. Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of __________.
	conventional morality
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------>	 preconventional morality
	principled morality
	postconventional morality
	committed morality
	2
132. Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent? 
	preoperational
------>	preconventional 
	autonomous moral principles
	conventional role conformity 
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	committed morality
	2
133. Which of the following is NOT evidence of puberty in boys?
	the growth of the testes and penis
	the appearance of pubic hair
	the appearance of underarm hair
------>	 higher pitch of the voice
	the appearance of a beard
	4
134. Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Mary's behavior exhibits ____________.
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	a sense of idealism
------>	imaginary audience
	personal fable
	puberty
	internalization
	2
135. Mary and Juan are twins who developed from two separate fertilized ova that were fertilized by two different sperm. What type of twins are they?
	monozygotic twins
	maternal twins
------>	 dizygotic twins 
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	womb mates 
	semi-identical
	3
136. Diseases carried by recessive genes are inherited when ____________.
------>	a child inherits two recessive genes, one from each parent
	a child inherits two dominant genes, one from each parent
	a child inherits a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive gene from the other parent
	a child inherits two messenger genes, one from each parent
	when the child does not inherit any genes from one parent
	1
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137. Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research?
------>	nurture
	nature
	school district superintendent
	teacher appraisals of performance
	cognitive restructuring
	1
138. Sheila was born a female with only one X chromosome on the 23rd pair. As a result, she is infertile, has difficulty learning, and did not develop breast tissue and rounded hips as her female peers did. Which disorder is likely to be diagnosed?
	PKU
	Down
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	Klinefelter's 
------>	Turner's 
	triple X
	4
139. The study of heredity is called _________.
	human development
------>	genetics
	physiology
	gerontology
	anatomy
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	2
140. At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n) _______________.
	embryo
------>	zygote
	genome
	blastocyst
	fetus
	2
141. Fraternal twins are ______ similar genetically than are other brothers and sisters.
	much more
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	slightly more
	much less
	slightly less
------>	no more
	5
142. What is the cause of Down syndrome? 
------>	an extra chromosome on the 21st pair
	an extra X chromosome on the 23rd pair
	neurotransmitter excesses
	neurotransmitter deficiencies 
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	messenger gene deficiencies
	1
143. Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using? 
	cohort design 
------>	longitudinal design
	behavior genetics design 
	cross-sectional design
	cross-sequential design
	2
144. The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, and 80 to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a __________________.
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	cross-sequential design
------>	longitudinal design
	behavior genetics design 
	cross-sectional design
	applied behavior analysis design
	2
145. Unlike other types of research, a cross-sequential design allows researchers to _________.
------>	combine longitudinal and cross-sectional research strategies
	look for gender differences
	reduce experimenter bias
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	only include cross-sectional strategies within the design
	reduce the volunteer effect 
	1
146. In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
	cohort 
	behavior genetics 
	cross-sectional
	cross-sequential
------>	longitudinal
	5
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147. Professor Rashad is interested in studying cognitive development. He collects and compares data from a group of 6-year-olds and a group of 10-year-olds. Five years later, he compares these two groups to each other again as well as to their own performance in the study five years ago. What type of research design is Professor Rashad using? 
------>	cross-sequential design
	longitudinal design
	behavior genetics design 
	cross-sectional design
	applied behavior analysis design 
	1
148. The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called _________. 
	abnormal psychology
	gerontology
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------>	human development
	maturational studies
	a longitudinal study
	3
149. Older adults who look back on their lives with regret, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of ______________.
------>	integrity versus despair
	intimacy versus isolation
	generativity versus stagnation
	identity versus role confusion
	industry versus inferiority
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	1
150. Leticia has just learned that she is terminally ill. She is now always irritable, often throws things on the floor, and yells at members of her family and the nurses who care for her. According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, Leticia is most likely in the _________ stage of dying.
------>	anger
	bargaining
	denial
	reactive 
	acceptance
	1
151. According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called ________.
	bonding
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------>	intimacy
	attachment
	attraction
	affiliation
	2
152. The theory in which aging is attributed to our bodies' organs and cell tissues simply wearing out with repeated use and abuse is called _________.
	activity theory
------>	wear-and-tear theory
	disengagement theory
	cellular clock theory
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	senescence theory
	2
153. Hector is 70 years old and has just retired from a career as a lawyer. He is now spending time looking back on his life and is recognizing, as well as coming to terms with, mistakes, regrets, and unfinished business. Hector is engaging in a process called ___________.
	despair
	sense of identity
	ego integrity
------>	 life review
	generativity
	4
154. Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of ______.
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	intimacy versus isolation
	industry versus inferiority
	identity versus role diffusion
	integrity versus despair
------>	generativity versus stagnation
	5
155. Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing _________.
	intimacy
	identity
------>	generativity
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	integrity
	industry
	3
156. Which of the following describes the embryonic period?
	the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
------>	the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
	the period during which the umbilical cord develops
	the period during which the placenta begins to function
	the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional 
	2
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157. Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only three-quarters of an inch long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the _________. 
------>	embryonic period
	germinal period
	zygotic period 
	fetal stage
	placenta
	1
158. Which of the following describes the fetal period?
	the period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining
	the period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop
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	the period during which the umbilical cord develops
	the period during which the placenta begins to function
------>	the period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional . 
	5
159. Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing?
	fetal
------>	embryonic
	placental
	germinal
	umbilical
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	2
160. The most likely cause for miscarriage during the first three months of pregnancy is _______.
------>	a genetic defect
	alcohol use 
	not taking prenatal vitamins
	lack of exercise 
	smoking
	1
161. What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant? 
	increased birth weight and lethargy
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------>	lower birth weight and short stature
	severe hearing loss and heart defects 
	severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms
	heart defects and poor reflexes
	2
162. Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behavior suggest she is in?
	concrete operations
------>	 sensorimotor
	preoperational	
	formal operations
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	schematic stage
	2
163. By what age do infants develop a preference for salty tastes?
	at birth
	within a few days after birth
	at one month
------>	by four months
	within a year after birth
	4
164. According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as ___________. 
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	object permanence
------>	conservation
	centration
	reversibility
	assimilation
	2
165. Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones, according to research?
	sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over
	crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support
------>	raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking
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	rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest
	rolling over, raising head and chest, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking
	3
166. Which sense is the LEAST functional at birth?
	touch
	taste
	smell
	hearing
------>	 vision
	5
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167. At birth, newborns seem most responsive to ________.
------>	 high pitches and low pitches
	hip-hop music
	moderate voice pitches
	rock and roll music
	classical music
	1
168. According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ______ stage. 
	concrete operations
	sensorimotor
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------>	preoperational	
	formal operations
	schematic
	3
169. What term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own?
	disparity
	narcissism
------>	egocentrism
	autonomy 
	accommodation
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	3
170. The area at the back of the temporal lobe that is crucial in the ability to listen, process, and understand what others are saying is __________ area.
	Broca's
	Gall's	
------>	Wernicke's
	Korsakoff's
	Cajal's
	3
171. If Darren's brain is like that of most people, then language will be handled by his __________.
	corpus callosum
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	occipital lobe
	right hemisphere
------>	left hemisphere
	cerebellum
	4
172. The area of the frontal lobe that is devoted to the production of fluent speech is ______ area.
------>	Broca's
	Gall's	
	Wernicke's
	Korsakoff's
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	Cajal's
	1
173. The part of the brain located just behind the temples, containing neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech, is called the __________.
	association areas
	parietal lobes
	frontal lobes
	occipital lobes
------>	temporal lobes
	5
174. Which of the following lobes are involved in planning, memory, and personality?
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	temporal lobes
	parietal lobes
------>	frontal lobes
	occipital lobes
	association areas
	3
175. Robert's mother is usually meticulous in her presentation. When picking her up for a family dinner, he noticed that her make-up was only applied to the right side of her face. Her hair was also brushed on the right side, but on the left it was matted and uncombed. He immediately took her to the hospital after she was unaware of any problems. She was diagnosed with __________, which is evidenced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere.
	Wernicke's aphasia
	Broca's aphasia
------>	spatial neglect
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	split-brain
	temporal lobe damage
	3
176. The hormone released by the pineal gland that reduces body temperature and prepares you for sleep is __________.
------>	melatonin
	DHEA
	parathormone
	thyroxin
	insulin
	1
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177. Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction. Which of the following sequences will you offer?
	dendrites, axon, soma, synaptic knob
	terminal buttons, axon, soma, dendrites
	axon, soma, dendrites, synaptic knob
	dendrites, synaptic knob, axon, soma 
------>	dendrites, soma, axon, synaptic knob
	5
178. A culture's expectation of masculine and feminine behaviors can be defined as _____________________.
	homosexual
	heterosexual
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------>	gender roles
	gender typing
	gender specificity
	3
179. Traditional views of gender roles are more likely found in ____________.
------>	collectivist cultures
	individualistic cultures
	countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England
	all of these
	none of these 
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	1
180. ________ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper "masculine" and "feminine" behaviors.
	Gender role
	Gender identity
------>	Gender typing
	Gender stereotyping 
	Gender specification
	3
181. Research on differences in male and female brain activity has found that ________________,
	when doing language tasks, women's brains tend to be more active in the right hemisphere than men.
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	men use the right side of the brain for emotional expression, whereas women use both sides.
	men use the left side of the brain for visual/spatial expression, whereas women use both sides.
------>	all of the above
	none of the above
	4
182. According to research, infant girls who were exposed to androgens were found to be more likely to ____________.
	have a very "feminine" childhood and prefer to play with dolls.
------>	be "tomboys" during their childhood but grew up to be more "typically female" in adulthood and had a desire for marriage and motherhood.
	be "feminine" during their childhood but grew up to be more "typically male" in adulthood and less emotional than other women.
	be treated differently by teachers and friends as adolescents.
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	have a very "masculine" attitude in adulthood despite their sex.
	2
183. Which is NOT a potential cause of ADHD according to the research?
	teratogens
	prematurity
	high level of lead in the body
	prefrontal brain damage
------>	restlessness
	5
184. Medication for ADHD for children can also be effective for adult symptoms. Which of the following are types of medications that are used to treat this condition?
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	antipsychotics and stimulants
------>	stimulants and antidepressants
	antidepressants and antipsychotics
	antianxiety and antidepressants
	stimulants and antianxiety
	2
185. You overhear psychology students preparing for a test. They note that one of the research methods often "fails to generalize." Which method is the MOST likely topic of their discussion?
	correlation
------>	case study
	experiment
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	surveys
	anonymous questionnaire
	2
186. Which of the following items is a gauge of the degree of disparity among a set of events?
	mean
	correlation coefficient
	z-score
------>	standard deviation
	t-score
	4
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187. A(n)_________ is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.
	independent variable
	dependent variable
	experimental effect
	control variable
------>	correlation
	5
188. When school psychologist observes a kindergarten classsroom, the psychologist is engaging in a form of ______.
	case study research
------>	naturalistic observation
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	survey research
	experimentation
	psychometric study
	2
189. ______________________ is an experiment in which participants do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group but the experimenters do know which participants are part of which group.
	the double-blind study
	field research
	the triple-blind study
------>	the single-blind study
	correlational research
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	4
190. A correlation is a numerical measure of the __________________.
	unintended changes in participants' behavior due to cues from the experimenter.
------>	strength of the relationship between two variables.
	behaviors of participants of different ages compared at a given time.
	behaviors of participants followed and periodically assessed over time.
	behaviors of participants of all ages compared at a given time.
	2
191. A psychologist wanted to see if people are more prone to seek the company of others when anxious than when calm. He randomly assigned half of his subjects to an anxiety group and then told then that as part of the study, they would receive electric shocks. He did not frighten the other group of subjects. Finally, he recorded how many subjects in each group chose to be "tested" in a group setting and how many chose to be "tested" alone. In this study, the group that was NOT frightened would be called the ______________ group.
	experimental
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------>	control
	placebo
	graded
	test
	2
192. In order to stop experimental subjects from trying to confirm the scientist's hypothesis, psychologist sometimes ___________.
	obtain written promises from participants to be honest
	maintain subject confidentiality
	maintain participant confidentiality
------>	deceive participants about the true purpose of the experiment
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	allow people to chose when they want to leave the study
	4
193. Which sub-field of psychology would center on the degree to which diverse parenting styles are supported among different cultural communities?
	evolutionary
	psychodynamic
------>	sociocultural
	neuroscience
	humanism
	3
194. To obtain objective information, researchers sometimes must deceive their subjects. Ethically, research involving deception must always ________.
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	pay participants
	maintain subject anonymity
------>	explain the deception to the subjects after the data is collected and obtain their informed consent to use the information obtained
	use a survey method
	use double-blind control
	3
195. In an experiment to test the effects of anxiety on performance, the dependent variable is the __________________.
	amount of anxiety
	age of the person
	age of the parents
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------>	person's performance
	cause of the anxiety
	4
196.  Jody is creating on documentary of fast food eating behaviors in America. Jody and her crew went to McDonald's to observe people eating in fast-food restaurants. She brought a camera crew and bright lights, microphones, and they talked very loudly while taping the behaviors. Jody said she wanted to do a naturalistic observation but may have had some problems because of the ____________.
	room crowding effect
------>	observer effect
	participant observation principle
	food embarrassment principle
	Thorndike law
	2
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197. The greatest disadvantage of correlational research is __________________.
	it has limited range of values, being only -1 to +1
------>	it does not enable cause-and-effect conclusion
	its value can be negative
	its value can be zero
	its value can be positive
	2
198. Dr. Hogberg has diagnosed a child with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. He choses to give a prescription for Aderall. Given this information, it is most likely that Dr. Hogberg is a _________________.
------>	psychiatrist
	psychologist
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	humanistic psychologist
	IO Psychologist
	school psychologist
	1
199. Which of the following statements concerning using animals in research is correct?
	There are no ethical guidelines when it comes to animals.
	There are rules that prevent the killing of animals.
	There are guidelines for the slight discomfort of animals.
------>	Pain and suffering of animals are allowed but only when necessary.
	New ethical guidelines prevent the use of primates in psychological research.
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	4
200. "The whole is greater than the sum of the parts" is a statement associated with the perspective of ______________ .
	introspection
	functionalism
	psychoanalysis
	structuralism
------>	gestaltism
	5
201. Which perspective assumes that human behavior may have developed in certain directions because it served a useful function in preserving the species?
	psychoanalysis
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	behaviorism
	cognitive psychology
	humanistic psychology
------>	evolutionary psychology
	5
202. A person who has suffered a major stroke and is now experiencing severe personality problems because of the damage would BEST be advised to see a _____________.
------>	psychiatrist
	cognitive psychologist
	physician
	psychiatric social worker
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	psychologist
	1
203. While on a visit to a large city, you observe several billboards in which a series of lights seems to move. Which perspective in psychology would be most likely to study this phenomenon?
------>	gestalt
	behavioral
	humanistic
	developmental
	psychodynamic
	1
204. Medication for ADHD for children can also be effective for adult symptoms. Which of the following are types of medications that are used to treat this condition?
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	antipsychotics and stimulants
------>	stimulants and antidepressants
	antidepressants and antipsychotics
	antianxiety and antidepressants
	stimulants and antianxiety
	2
205. Based on the studies of infant girls who were exposed to androgens before birth, which of the following statements is true?
------>	In these studies, the girls were found to be tomboys during early childhood.
	In these studies, the girls were found to prefer feminine activities during early childhood.
	In these studies, the majority of the girls grew up to be lesbians.
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	In these studies, there were no noticeable effects due to these treatments.
	The girls were treated differently by teachers and friends as adolescents.
	1
206. Dr. Bartholomew believes people who are very hostile have become so because of their environment. Dr. Tiburon believes people's level of hostility is from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement?
	cognition versus emotion
	classical versus operant conditioning
	genetics versus socialization
	cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies
------>	nature versus nurture
	5
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207. Which of the following is the MOST common cause of death in middle adulthood?
	suicide
	homicide
------>	heart disease
	stroke
	cancer
	3
208. What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation?
	the nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies
	aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment
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	parental discipline styles in the first year of life
	the distinction between separation and stranger anxiety
------>	the nature of attachment between caretakers and babies
	5
209. Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants __________.
	do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return
	protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns
------>	cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns
	are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return
	are not concerned upon separation and do not respond to her return
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	3
210. Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing _________.
	intimacy
	identity
------>	generativity
	integrity
	industry
	3
211. According to research conducted by Ridley (1999), how could individuals like Adolf Hitler, serial killer Ted Bundy, and Oklahoma City bomber Timothy McVeigh commit such acts according to the "nature versus nurture" debate?
	These individuals were born (nature) to commit such horrendous acts. It was in their genetic makeup.
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------>	Their behaviors are the result of the interaction of nature and nurture.
	These individual's behaviors were attributed to "nurture" and influences of their parents.
	These individuals learned to commit these behaviors after staying in long periods of isolation, according to Ridley.
	These individuals learned to commit these behaviors due to negative experiences in school, according to Ridley.
	2
212. At what point during infancy can babies tell the difference between their own mother's milk scent and another woman's milk scent?
	at birth
------>	within a few days after birth
	within a few weeks after birth
	within a few months after birth
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	within a year after birth
	2
213. Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones, according to research?
	sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over
	crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support
------>	raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking
	rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest
	rolling over, raising head and chest, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking
	3
214. Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______, and Lawrence Kohlberg is known for his theory ________.
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------>	cognitive development; moral development
	perceptual development; moral development
	language development; cognitive development
	cognitive development; motor development
	reflex development; motor development
	1
215.  Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humor. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using?
	cohort design
	longitudinal design
	behavior genetics design
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------>	cross-sectional design
	cross-sequential design
	4
216. All of the following are reasons that middle-aged adults experience changes in memory EXCEPT _______.
	stress
	having more information to remember
	having more difficulty retrieving information
	having more information stored in memory
------>	hardening of the arteries
	5
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217. The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________.
------>	adolescence
	tweens
	young adulthood
	early adulthood
	puberty
	1
218. In a __________ design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages.
	cohort
	behavior genetics
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	cross-sectional
	cross-sequential
------>	longitudinal
	5
219. Shandreka is at a place in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. the major organs of her child are developing. Which prenatal development stage is Shandreka in?
------>	fetal
	embryonic
	placental
	fertilization
	umbilical
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	1
220. What relatively new field investigates the influence of genes and heredity on a person's actions?
	psychobiology
	neuropsychology
	psychoanalysis
	physiology
------>	behavioral genetics
	5
221. Your feeling of being male or female is known as your:
	gender role
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	gender
	sex
	gender schema theory
------>	gender identity
	5
222. The gradual decline in the sexual reproductive system of males is called ____________.
	menopause
	perimenopause
	male menopause
	change of life
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------>	andropause
	5
223. Kinds of neurons are connected to receptor cells in the skin, muscles, and joints?
	motor neurons
------>	sensory neurons
	interneurons
	peripheral neurons
	afferent neurons
	2
224. For a person to feel the pain of a broken toe, _________ must first send information from the toe to the central nervous system.
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	interneurons
	efferent neurons
	motor neurons
	glial cells
------>	sensory neurons
	
	5
225. Despite its dangers, a young man continues to take cocaine because of the feeling of euphoria it produces for him. This powerful arousal of his nervous system is probably due to cocaine's ability to
------>	prevent neurotransmitters from being reabsorbed into the synaptic vesicles
	block the receptor sites for neurotransmitters
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	inhibit enzymes that break down neurotransmitters
	increase the release of neurotransmitters
	increase endorphin production
	1
226. Sophia is always hungry. After visiting the pediatrician, her mother was told that her _________ was producing too much insulin, causing low blood sugar.
	pituitary gland
	adrenal gland
	ovaries
	thyroid gland
------>	pancreas
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	5
227. Javier is confused on the difference between MRI and fMRI imaging techniques. How would you explain the difference?
	MRI is less harmful.
	MRI carries less risk to the patient.
	fMRI provides gives more detail.
------>	fMRI allows for real-time observations of changes in brain activity.
	Neither shows soft tissue structures of the brain.
	4
228. The brain's "relay station" is the ________.
	medulla
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	hypothalamus
	pons
	hippocampus
------>	thalamus
	5
229. A young woman recovering from a blow to her head finds she has great difficulty maintaining her balance and coordinating her movements. Injury to which part of her brain is likely to be causing her difficulties?
	thalamus
------>	cerebellum
	medulla
	cerebral cortex
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	corpus callosum
	2
230. The process of digesting your last snack or meal or the unconscious regulation of your breathing are all primarily rooted in the ________ nervous system.
	secondary
	somatic
------>	autonomic
	limbic
	primary
	3
231. The branch of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for quick action in an emergency is the ________ division.
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	encased by a myelin sheath
------>	sympathetic
	secondary
	primary
	central
	2
232. Dr. Susa flashed a picture of a cat in the right visual field of a split-brain patient. The patient could most likely:
------>	verbally report that a cat was seen
	write the word cat using their left hand
	draw a picture of the cat using their left hand
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	do all of the above
	do none of the above
	1
233. Lila sustained injuries to the medulla. What is most likely the result of this injury?:
	paralysis
	coma
	aphasia
	loss of vision
------>	death
	5
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234. The part of the brain which interprets visual information is the ________.
------>	occipital lobe
	parietal lobe
	CNS system
	peripheral system
	frontal lobe
	1
235. Which part of the brain can be thought of as a major switching station that directs incoming information to the correct brain structure?
------>	thalamus
	cerebellum
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	reticular activating system
	midbrain
	hindbrain
	1
236. The chemical messengers that move in the synaptic gap between neurons are called:
	hormones
------>	neurotransmitters
	ganglia
	afferent neurons
	glial cells
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	2
237. A victim of a car wreck with head injuries, whose involuntary bodily processes (breathing, heartbeat, etc.) have been disturbed, probably has had damage done to the ________.
	forebrain
	hindbrain
------>	medulla
	pons
	amygdala
	3
238. Of the following structures listed below which is considered to be the basic building block of the nervous system?
	dendrite
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------>	neuron
	axon terminals
	cell body
	neurotransmission
	2
239. When the sympathetic nervous system assumes control of the involuntary bodily processes during a stressful situation, which of the following changes is likely to occur?
	sweat glands are less active
------>	digestion stops 
	less blood is pumped to muscles
	air passages become smaller
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	eyes dialate
	2
240. Dr. Chapin has just finished a delicate brain operation. He turns to a group of interns and says, "She probably lost about 1000 ________, but since she still has over 100 billion left, she should recover nicely." Dr. Chapin was most likely referring to
	pituitary glands
------>	neurons
	speech and language areas
	nerves
	parts of the brain
	2
241. A client tells his therapist about a dream of riding on a train with his boss. At the end of the journey, the boss gets off the train at a terminal. The therapist suggests that the "terminal" in the dream indicates an unconscious desire by the client to "terminate" his boss. This desire to terminate the boss, if it exists, would reflect what Freud called the ________ content of the dream.
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	secondary
	primary
	manifest
	manifestation
------>	latent
	5
242. The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, on some background is known as ________.
	accommodation
------>	figure-ground
	proximity
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	continuity
	closeness
	2
243. The Muller-Lyer illusion exists in cultures in which there are ________.
	more men than women
	lots of telephone poles
------>	buildings with lots of corners
	more women than men
	more men than women
	3
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244. It is difficult to distinguish between colors at night because ________.
	we are used to seeing mostly with the fovea
	we are seeing primarily with the cones
------>	we are seeing primarily with the rods
	rods do not adapt to the dark
	rods take the responsibility of the cones.
	3
245. What is the basic function of the outer ear?
	to filter out high-intensity sound waves that can be harmful
	to amplify low-intensity sounds to detectable levels
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	to protect the hair cells
------>	to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum
	to filter out low-intensity sound waves that can be harmful
	4
246. The best explanation of the moon illusion is ________.
------>	the apparent distance hypothesis
	the cultural bias hypothesis
	the top-down processing hypothesis
	the angle world hypothesis
	hypothesis of illusion management
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	1
247. Your brain waves are being monitored in a sleep laboratory. If you are in deep sleep less than an hour after falling asleep, what brain waves will be detected?
------>	delta
	alpha
	beta
	theta
	sigma
	1
248. Which of the following conditions would you LEAST like the pilot flying your airplane to have?
	daytime insomnia
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	sleep terror
	enuresis
	sleepwalking
------>	narcolepsy
	5
249. Sleepwalking occurs ________.
	equally as often in REM and NREM sleep
	primarily during REM sleep
------>	primarily during NREM Stage 4 sleep
	only in REM sleep
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	in stage 1
	3
250. Why do you see a lemon as yellow?
	Opposing processing between the visual cortex and auditory cortex.
	The lemon absorbs red and blue wavelengths.
------>	The lemon might reflect only yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum.
	The lemon absorbs yellow wavelengths in the yellow region of the spectrum.
	The lemon distracts all of the other colors in the spectrum.
	3
251. Each olfactory receptor cell has a half dozen to a dozen little hairs that project out. These are called ________.
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------>	cilia
	olfactory cones
	olfactory rods
	olfactory buds
	olfactory cells
	1
252. When Bill looks at his lamp alternately with his left eye and right eye, the image seems to jump from one position to another. This phenomenon illustrates ________.
------>	binocular disparity
	interposition
	dimension perception
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	the Gestalt principle of proximity
	the Gestalt principle of similarity
	1
253. Chemicals that can alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior are called ________.
------>	psychoactive drugs
	legal drugs
	illegal drugs
	hallucinogens
	stimulants
	1
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254. Which of the following describes what happens if you trace an auditory stimulus from the time it first reaches the ear until it arrives at the brain?
------>	The outer ear (pinna) gathers sound waves and funnels them down the auditory canal striking the eardrum.
	The auditory cones respond to the various tonal frequencies, which lead the auditory nerve to send a message to the brain.
	The basilar membrane causes the hammer, anvil, and stirrup to vibrate striking the oval window.
	The auditory nerve joins with the nasal nerve to produce an input to the olfactory lobe.
	The auditory nerve separates with basilar membrane to produce sound waves.
	1
255. ________ are the raw data of experience, based on the activation of certain receptors located in the various sensory organs.
	Perceptions
	Emotions
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------>	Sensations
	Cognitions
	Sublimations
	3
256. People's tendency to perceive a thing a certain way because their previous experiences or expectations influence them is called ________.
	bottom-up processing
------>	perceptual expectancy
	telepathy
	top-down processing
	perceptual constancy
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	2
257. Which of the following pairs belong together?
	MDMA; acetylcholine
	marijuana; psilocybin
	alcohol; nicotine
------>	marijuana; tetrahydrocannabinol
	LSD; tetrahydrocannabinol
	4
258. A sound mixer is impressed by the new equipment that was just installed in his recording studio. He says that now he will be able to help singers and musicians produce better CDs because he can eliminate unneeded and undesired wavelengths. What term describes the characteristic of sounds waves that the sound mixer is now able to alter?
	amplitude
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	volleying
------>	frequency
	saturation
	wavelength
	3
259. Joachim and Maricella are going for a romantic walk in the park after an afternoon storm. Maricella looks up in the sky and sees a rainbow. She exclaims, "How beautiful!" Joachim, being something of a geek, might correctly say ________.
	"That's because you are seeing all the wavelengths of light we can see from short to long."
	"You are just seeing the visible spectrum."
	"That's because different wavelengths lead to the perception of different colors."
------>	All of these things would be true if Joachim said them.
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	Some of these things would be true if Joachim said them
	4
260. When Ann went to her doctor, he gave her a hearing test. During the test, the doctor presented tones to Ann through earphones. The tones started at a low intensity and then became louder. The doctor asked Ann to raise her hand whenever she started to hear a sound. The doctor was testing Ann's ________.
	refractory threshold
------>	absolute threshold
	auditory convergence
	difference threshold
	subliminal sensors
	2
261. The abbreviation UCS stands for ________.
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	uniformed conditioned subject
	unconditional statement
	conditioned stimulus
	unconditional sensation
------>	unconditioned stimulus
	5
262. In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________.
	unconditioned stimuli
------>	successive approximations
	primary reinforcers
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	secondary reinforcers
	punishment
	2
263. The abbreviation UCR stands for ________.
	uniform conditioned rule
	unconditional reinforcement
	unconditional retention
------>	unconditioned response
	conditioned response
	4
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264. Al must build 25 radios before he receives $20. What schedule of reinforcement is being used?
	a variable-ratio schedule
	a continuous schedule
------>	a fixed-ratio schedule
	a fixed-interval schedule
	a partial-interval schedule
	3
265. After Pavlov's dogs became conditioned to salivate at the sound of the bell, he experimented with ringing the bell and then failing to present the dogs with any food right away. Soon they stopped salivating to the sound of the bell. This represents the process called:
	spontaneous recovery
------>	extinction
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	acquisition
	testing
	discrimination
	2
266. Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as:
------>	an unconditioned response
	a voluntary response
	a digestive reflux
	a conditioned response
	a unconditioned stimulus
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	1
267. When the CS is repeatedly presented in the absence of the UCS (food, in this case), the CR will "die out"in a process called:
------>	extinction
	CR fading
	habituation
	generalization fading
	discrimination
	1
268. Which of the following statements regarding Pavlov is accurate?
------>	Pavlov was studying salivation in dogs as part of a research program on digestion.
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	Pavlov continued his Nobel Prize-winning research on digestion after documenting conditioning.
	Pavlov was elated when his student first noticed that the dogs were salivating before tasting the food.
	Pavlov stressed the importance of speculating about the dog's feelings toward the food.
	Pavlov stressed the importance of testing the dog's thoughts toward the food.
	1
269. What would you predict about Little Albert based on the principle of spontaneous recovery?
	His fear of rats would disappear if he saw a rat without hearing a loud noise.
	After his fear of loud noises was extinguished, the fear could come back.
------>	Even after his fear of a rat was extinguished, the fear could come back.
	His fear of loud noises would disappear if he heard a loud noise without a rat present.
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	Even after his fear of a rabbit was extinguished, the fear never came back.
	3
270. Professor Rochelle told her students that if her door was closed it meant that she was unavailable to them and would be angry if they knocked on her door. But if her door was open, it meant that she was in a rare good mood and would answer questions at that time. Professor Rochelle's door being open was a ________ for ________.
------>	discriminative stimulus; asking questions
	discriminative response; not asking questions
	discriminative response; asking questions
	discriminative stimulus; not asking questions
	extinction stimulus; asking questions
	1
271. Which type of learning occurs when we observe how other people act?
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	insight learning
	learned helplessness
------>	observational learning
	classical conditioning
	operant conditioning
	3
272. The reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred is called:
------>	spontaneous recovery
	instinctive drift
	counterconditioning
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	stimulus discrimination
	spontaneous extinction
	1
273. Applied behavior analysis (ABA) has been used with autistic children. The basic principle of this form of behavior modification is:
------>	shaping
	negative punishment
	partial reinforcement
	classical conditioning
	aversive conditioning
	1
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274. The tendency to respond to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus is called:
------>	stimulus generalization
	response generalization
	stimulus adaptation
	transfer of habit strength
	stimulus disrimination
	1
275. Pavlov's model of classical conditioning was based on the idea that the conditioned stimulus, through its association close in time with the unconditioned stimulus, came to activate the same place in the animal's brain that was originally activated by the unconditioned stimulus. This was known as:
	higher-order conditioning
	the cognitive perspective
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	the Skinner model
------>	stimulus substitution
	stimulus discrimination
	4
276. ________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice.
	Aadaptation
------>	Learning
	Memory enhancement
	Muscle memory
	Habituation
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	2
277. Which of the following statements is true regarding punishment?
	Severe punishment creates fear and anxiety.
	The effect of punishment is often temporary.
	Punishment is the opposite of reinforcement.
------>	All of these statements are true.
	Some of these statements are true.
	4
278. In Bandura's study of observational learning, the abbreviation AMIM stands for:
	alertness, motivation, intent, monetary reward
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	achievement, momentum, initiative, memory
	achievement, motivation, intellectual capacity, memory
	achievement, motivation, memory, imitation.
------>	attention, memory, imitation, motivation
	5
279. Pavlov placed meat powder in the mouths of dogs, and they began to salivate. The food acted as a (an):________.
	UCR
	CS
	CR
------>	UCS
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	NS
	4
280. As an infant, Stephanie received many penicillin injections from the doctor. When she later saw a photographer in a white coat that was similar to the doctor's coat, she started to cry. This is an example of:
	instrumental learning
------>	classical conditioning
	habituation
	observational learning
	operant conditioning
	2
281. The communication between honeybees would not be classified as language because ____________.
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	bees are not animals
------>	bee communication seems to be instinctual
	bees do not use a spoken or auditory communication system
	all of these
	none of these
	2
282. At the current time, which statement is true about our knowledge of whether animals can use humanlike language?
	It has been clearly shown that animals cannot use humanlike language.
	All animal communication is instinctual and, thus, is not language.
	Only primates, like monkeys and chimps, show any sign of language-like behavior.
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	Only mammals have the potential to develop language that will be recognizable as humanlike.
------>	It is still unclear if animals can show humanlike language at any level of development.
	5
283. The system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences is called ______.
------>	syntax
	semantics
	morphology
	phonology
	grammar
	1
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284. Dolphins, according to TV and movies, are very intelligent and have strong language abilities. They might even be able to talk! However, which statement is true from the research?
	Dolphins have been shown to be able to master syntax.
	Dolphins have the language abilities of a 3-year-old child.
	Dolphin communication with parrots has been firmly established.
	all of these
------>	none of these
	5
285. What are the smallest units of meaning in a language?
	words 
	syntax 
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	syllables
	phonemes 
------>	morphemes
	5
286. You are worried that your aging father might develop senile dementia. What advice might you want to give to him?
	"Stop reading, as it will tire out your brain."
	"Start a program of extreme physical exercise to push more blood through your brain."
------>	 "Start reading more, doing puzzles, getting involved in a hobby to exercise your brain."
	Each of these activities has the potential to help slow the development of dementia.
	Nothing will help, so don't bother to suggest anything.
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	3
287. Pragmatics are defined as _____________.
------>	the practical aspects of communicating with others, or the social "niceties" of language
	the system of rules that governs how we combine words to form grammatical sentences
	the language rules that determine how sounds and words can be combined and used to communicate meaning within a language
	the language rules used to solve problems between people
	the system of rules that governs the structure and use of a language
	1
288. Which developmental psychologist theorized that concepts preceded and aided the development of language?
	Vygotsky
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------>	Piaget
	Sapir
	Whorf
	Chomsky
	2
289. A famous lecturer argues that because the Hopi Indians have only two nouns for things that fly, one for birds and another for nonbirds, the Hopi MUST interpret all flying things in terms of these two nouns. This argument is based on ______.
	the idealized prototype construct
	bottom-up processing
	top-down processing
	deep structure elaboration
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------>	the linguistic relativity hypothesis
	5
290. Let's say we could teach a dolphin to understand the difference between the sentences "The parrot kissed the dolphin" and "The dolphin kissed the parrot." If this were demonstrated, it might mean the dolphin had an understanding of ____________.
	phonemes
	morphemes
------>	syntax
	all of these
	none of these
	3
291. The greatest threat to the credibility of children's recollections of sexual abuse is posed by 
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	proactive interference
	the spacing effect
------>	the misinformation effect
	long-term potentiation
	retroactive interference
	3
292. Speed-reading complex information produces little long-term retention because it inhibits
	the next-in-line effect
	the serial position effect
	retroactive interference
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	proactive interference
------>	rehearsal
	5
293. Sophia remembered the order of the lobes in the brain from the front by recalling the sentence, "Furry Platypus Often Tremble." For Sophia, this is a 
	chunking strategy
------>	mnemonic device
	peg-word system
	conditioned stimulus
	effortful processor
	2
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294. The temporary release of stress hormones into the bloodstream facilitates
	memory reconstruction 
	repression
	retrograde amnesia
	retroactive interference.
------>	long-term potentiation
	5
295. The ability to perform more than one complex encoding tasks simultaneously demonstrates the importance of
	effortful processing
------>	automatic processing
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	mood congruent memory
	flashbulb memory
	working memory
	2
296. The conscious repetition of information in order to maintain it in long-term memory is called
	automatic processing
------>	rehearsal
	spacing
	chunking
	mnemonic
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	2
297. Our inability to remember information presented in the seconds we either first wake up or just before we fall is most likely due to
	motivated forgetting
	retrieval failure
	retroactive interference
------>	encoding failure
	proactive interference
	4
298. After hearing his puppy yelp, for a moment after, Mr. Wright has a vivid auditory memory of the puppy's high pitch bark. Mr. Wright's experience clearly demonstrates ____________ memory.
	long-term 
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	short-term 
	iconic 
	implicit
------>	echoic
	5
299. David read a list of 40 vocabulary words only once. When recalling the words, David shows the serial position effect. We expect that the words David remembers three days later are
------>	at the beginning of the list
	in the middle of the list
	distributed throughout the list
	the easiest words
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	unpredictable
	1
300. In order to remember to buy sausage, ham, onions, and parsley for his pasta sauce, Enzo forms the word "shop" with the first letter of each item. Enzo is using a memory aide known as
	the method of loci
	the next-in-line effect
	the serial position effect
------>	chunking
	imagery
	4
301. The process of getting information out of memory storage is called
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	priming
	encoding
	relearning
------>	retrieval
	rehearsal
	4
302. A telephone number for a new upscale restaurant flashes on the movie screen, but the image disappears before Aaron has the opportunity to write it down. To his surprise, Aaron retains a momentary mental image of the last four digits of the number. Aaron's experience demonstrates __________ memory.
	echoic
------>	iconic
	implicit
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	explicit
	short-term
	2
303. Which test of memory typically provides the fewest retrieval cues?
	rehearsal
	aptitude
	recognition
------>	recall
	repression
	4
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304. Remembering how to solve a problem without any conscious recollection best illustrates _________ memory.
	short-term
	flashbulb
	iconic
	sensory
------>	implicit
	5
305. When 90-year-old Grace looked at her old wedding pictures, she was flooded with vivid memories of her husband, and the early years of her marriage. The pictures served as powerful
	encoding devices
	iconic memories
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	memory devices
	automatic processing devices
------>	retrieval cues
	5
306. A mnemonic device is a
	mental picture
	measure of memory
	technique used for encoding language sounds
------>	memory aid
	word, event, or place that triggers a memory of the past
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	4
307. Sally is enrolled in a high school geometry course, which she describes as "drawing figures and figuring drawings." In a typical class, students draw geometric figures and use a formula to calculate an aspect of the figure, such as its area. Each time Sally uses a formula, she is making use of what psychologists call ___________.
	heuristics
	logarithms
------>	algorithms
	convergence
	chunking
	3
308. A seemingly arbitrary flash "out of the blue," through which the solution to a problem suddenly becomes apparent to you, but you do not consciously know how you "figured it out," is called ______. 
	brainstorming
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	priming
	transformation
	a mental set
------>	insight
	5
309. PET scans have demonstrated that when you are creating a visual image, ____________.
	the image is generated by the retinal ganglion cells and sent to the cortex
	the image is generated by the thalamus and sent to the brain
	the image is generated by the hypothalamus and sent to the brain
	there is no locus in the brain that can be determined for the generation of visual images
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------>	the visual cortex is activated during the formation of an image
	5
310. In problem solving, the term rule of thumb refers to ______________.
------>	heuristics
	algorithms
	mnemonic devices 
	cognitive shortcuts
	means-end solutions
	1
311. Kohler demonstrated "Aha!" or insight behavior with ______________.
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	birds
	dogs
	cats
------>	chimps
	rats
	4
312. Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student?
	They are using the availability heuristic.
------>	They are using the representativeness heuristic.
	People seek only confirming information.
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	People tend to make relative comparisons.
	People usually have clear insights into the behavior of others.
	2
313. ___________ thinking works pretty well for routine problem solving, but may be of little use when a more creative solution is needed.
	Heuristic 
	Divergent 
	Insightful 
	Latent
------>	Convergent
	5
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314. The divergent thinking technique of writing down everything that comes to mind about a topic without revising or proofreading until all of the information is recorded and then organizing it later is known as _____________.
	brainstorming
	keeping a journal
------>	freewriting
	mind or subject mapping
	ideating
	3
315. What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it?
	convergent thinking
	attribution bias
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	availability heuristic
	representativeness heuristic
------>	confirmation bias
	5
316. The ability to produce solutions to problems that are unusual, inventive, novel, and appropriate is called ____________.
------>	creativity
	insight
	heuristics
	latent learning
	convergent thinking
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	1
317. According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment?
	analytical intelligence
	creative intelligence
------>	practical intelligence
	general intelligence 
	none of these
	3
318. Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________.
	verbal and mathematical abilities
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	crystallized and visual-motor abilities
------>	general intelligence and specific abilities
	analytical, creative, and practical intelligence
	crystallized and fluid abilities
	3
319. According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success.
	analytical intelligence
	creative intelligence
------>	practical intelligence
	general intelligence
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	none of these
	3
320. Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences?
	poetic 
	digital 
	creative 
------>	naturalist
	historical 
	4
321. Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test.
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	aptitude 
	performance-based
	perception 
	vocational
------>	intelligence 
	5
322. What two categories of subtests make up the Wechsler intelligence tests?
------>	performance and verbal
	objective and subjective
	analytical and visual-motor
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	crystallized and visualization
	fluid and visualization
	1
323. When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child's potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized.
	learning; opportunity
	opportunity; learning
------>	heredity; environment
	environment; heredity
	opportunity; heredity
	3
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324. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?
------>	IQ below 70
	evidence of brain damage
	slower than normal reflexes
	onset of deficits prior to age 6
	evidence of serious childhood illness
	1
325. People are termed gifted in terms of intelligence if their IQ is above _______.
	115
	120
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------>	130
	140
	150
	3
326. Which of these is an element of the formal definition of mental retardation?
------>	adaptive behavior severely below a level appropriate for the person's age
	evidence of brain damage
	slower than normal reflexes
	onset of deficits prior to age 6
	evidence of serious childhood illness
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	1
327. A test is said to be reliable if _________________. 
------>	a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it
	it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure
	its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict
	it is culture-fair
	it permits a person to project unconscious wishes based on the test stimuli
	1
328. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be __________.
	valid
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	normed
------>	reliable
	standardized
	projective
	3
329. Extrinsic motivation is defined as ________.
	the pursuit of an activity for its own sake
	the pursuit of an activity in order to increase one's competence and skills
------>	the pursuit of an activity for external reward
	the pursuit of an activity to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation
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	3
330. What do we call biologically determined, innate patterns of behavior?
------>	instincts
	drives
	releasing behaviors
	universal behaviors
	1
331. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called ________.
	stability
	equilibrium
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------>	homeostasis
	physiological balance
	3
332. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called ________.
	emotion
------>	motivation
	achievement
	synergy
	2
333. Lester has high test anxiety, which tends to affect his test performance even though he studies a lot. According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, which of the following activities will help Lester improve his performance?
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	Study harder.
	Study less since his performance won't be that good anyway.
	Get a tutor.
------>	Use relaxation exercises before each test.
	4
334. Which of the following factors is most likely to have an effect on predictions made by the Yerkes-Dodson Law?
	gender of person doing the task
	age of person doing the task
	task instructions
------>	difficulty of task
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	4
335. The need for ________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals.
	emotion
	power
	motivation
------>	achievement
	4
336. Luc said, "I don't care what I do as long as I am the best at it!" What need is this?
	need for power
------>	need for achievement
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	need for sex
	need for affiliation
	2
337. Which of the following behaviors is NOT an example of drive-reduction theory?
	going to sleep when you are tired
	getting some food when you are hungry
	getting something to drink when you are thirsty
------>	going jogging when you are bored
	4
338. Salmon swimming upstream to spawn is an example of animals behaving according to ________.
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	motives
	incentives
	needs
------>	instinct
	4
339. Which of the following shows a focus on the lowest of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
	Frank feels that he is a good salesman because he likes what he does and knows how to do it well.
	Barbara knows that as a teacher she is a good person because she realizes the importance of imparting knowledge to society.
	Joan wants to live in a house with all the modern conveniences so that she may have more time to seek fulfillment from her career and family.
------>	Mark works hard as an attorney only so that he can attract more clients, more money, and be secure in the knowledge that his family can survive.
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	4
340. Jill is motivated by money and the things money will bring her. Jack is motivated by a belief in the importance of doing good things, and his incentives are based on that belief. Which theory incorporates both these types of motivational causes?
	increment theory
	sensation-seeking theory
	entity theory
------>	expectancy-value theory
	4
341. Michael has trained very long hours in order to qualify for the Olympics in diving. He has sacrificed a great deal as he put his education on hold and spent a lot of time away from his 2 small children and wife. To Michael, qualifying for the Olympics is a(n) ________.
	stimuli
	optimum level
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------>	incentive
	Drive reduction
	3
342. Self-determination theory (SDT) best fits which type of motivation?
	a mastery goal
	the need for affiliation
	extrinsic motivation
------>	intrinsic motivation
	4
343. According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want ________.
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------>	to fulfill one's inborn potential
	to convince others of one's true worth
	to have frequent contact with others
	to possess as many material goods as possible
	1
344. Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least ________ percent over the ideal body weight.
	10
	40
	30
------>	20
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	4
345. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity ________.
------>	for its own sake
	to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation
	for external rewards
	in order to be judged favorably by others
	1
346. People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from ________.
	obesity phobia
------>	anorexia nervosa
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	dissociation
	bulimia nervosa
	2
347. Although Kim just ate a huge meal and feels "stuffed," the idea of a chocolate sundae is too good to pass up, so she orders one. Which motivational term explains the appeal of the sundae?
	stimuli
	optimum level
------>	incentive
	Drive reduction
	3
348. The highest rate of obesity in the world is found in ________.
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	Germany
	France
	Sweden
------>	the United States
	4
349. ________ can vary from culture to culture and are socially acceptable ways of showing emotion in public settings.
------>	Display rules
	Expressional norms
	Facial grids
	Phenomes
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	1
350. Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions?
	parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system
	nonsympathetic division of the nervous system
	central nervous system
------>	sympathetic division of the nervous system
	4
351. Seeing a snake, and then simultaneously running away from it and becoming frightened, is the sequence of events postulated by ________ theory.
	Plutchik's
	James-Lange
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------>	Cannon-Bard theory
	Schachter and Singer's
	3
352. Seeing a snake, running away from it, and then becoming frightened is the sequence of events postulated by the ________ theory.
	Yerkes-Dodson
------>	James-Lange
	Plutchik
	Cannon-Bard
	2
353. What is the correct sequence of events in emotional response according to the Cannon-Bard theory?
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------>	stimulus THEN emotion AND physiological changes (simultaneous)
	stimulus THEN physiological changes THEN emotion
	stimulus THEN emotion THEN physiological changes
	You experience physiological changes followed by fear. 
	1
354. Which theory of emotion emphasizes the role of the thalamus?
	Plutchik's
	James-Lange
------>	Cannon-Bard theory
	Schachter and Singer's
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	3
355. One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion?
	Yerkes-Dodson
------>	James-Lange
	Plutchik
	Cannon-Bard
	2
356. According to cognitive-mediational theories, appraisal of the situation would come ________ the physical arousal and ________ the experience of emotion.
------>	before; before
	after; after
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	after; before
	before; after
	1
357. According to Ekman, which of the following is NOT one of the universal facial expressions?
	fear
------>	shame
	disgust
	sadness
	2
358. The process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed is called ________.
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	internal emotion work
	body language
	primary emotional processing
------>	facial feedback
	4
359. Those who view their work as a necessary but personally unfulfilling way to make money are said to view work as a:
	flow
	contract
------>	job
	calling
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	career
	3
360. In Myer's book, The Pursuit of Happiness, all of the following are suggestions for living a happier life EXCEPT ________.
	focus beyond yourself
------>	follow the "Eye for an Eye" philosophy when seeking revenge
	act happy
	take control of your time
	think happy
	2
361. Ainsley is more fearful of loneliness than of remaining in a physically abusive relationship with her husband. This best illustrates the potentially harmful impact of _________ needs.
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	self-actualization
	achievement
------>	belongingness
	sexual
	safety
	3
362. Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______.
------>	cognitive development
	perceptual development 
	language development
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	motor development
	reflex development
	1
363. According to Myer and colleagues, in happiness is the key to many things EXCEPT ________.
	a healthier and more satisfying life
------>	changing others who are unhappy
	perception of the world as a safer place
	ability to make decisions more easily
	ability to feel safe and secure
	2
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364. Dr. Lighthead works with her patients to draw from many of their strengths and successes in her therapy sessions. She often stresses the importance of achievements, strengths, and well-being while not dwelling on past issues of abuse, depression, and unmet goals. Based on the description of her work, Dr. Lighthead is likely to utilize ________ in her sessions.
	transient psychology
	structural psychology
	optimist psychology
	performance psychology
------>	positive psychology
	5
365. In the definition of psychology, what does the term mental processes refer to?
------>	internal, covert processes
	outward behavior
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	inward feelings
	overt actions and reactions
	only animal behavior
	1
366. The central nervous system consists of
	sensory and motor neurons
	somatic and autonomic subsystems
------>	the brain and the spinal cord
	sympathetic and parasympathetic branches
	afferent and efferent neurons
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	3
367. In a complete sexual response cycle
	the excitement phase immediately precedes orgasm
	orgasm immediately precedes the excitement phase
------>	the plateau phase immediately precedes orgasm
	the excitement phase immediately precedes the resolution phase
	the plateau phase immediately precedes the excitement phase
	3
368. As part of an application for a job, Dan is asked to complete some psychological tests, including one in which he responds true or false to items such as "I feel sad most of the time," or "I had a good childhood." What type of psychological test is Dan taking? 
	a behavioral log
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	the TAT
	a projective test
------>	an inventory
	a direct observation
	4
369. Interviews in which the interviewer asks questions about any material that comes up and asks follow-up questions whenever appropriate are known as ______ interviews. 
	structured
	global 
	wide-focus
	closed-end
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------>	unstructured
	5
370. When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna's unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Anna does is most similar to ______.
	classical conditioning 
------>	a projective test
	behavior sampling 
	an objective test
	social cognition
	2
371. The ________ classifies people's personality according to Carl Jung's personality types.
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------>	Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
	TAT
	MMPI
	Locus of Control Scale
	Kagan Temperament Scale
	1
372. The California Psychological Inventory (CPI) is an example of a _________ personality test.
	projective
------>	objective
	subjective
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	creative
	strategic
	2
373. Which of the following statements is a claim often made by critics of projective testing?
------>	The interpretation of projective tests is too subjective.
	These tests are effective in predicting job performance. 
	People try to answer questions in ways that make them look better than they are.
	These tests create anxiety in those being tested.
	The results of projective tests reflect situational behavior.
	1
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374. An assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior(s) that is/are listed on the assessment is called a ____________.
------>	rating scale
	frequency count
	projective test
	interview
	count
	1
375. The most commonly used personality assessments are:
	projective tests
	observations
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	structured interviews
------>	self-report inventories
	behavior assessments
	4
376. In 1921, Hermann Rorschach introduced a personality assessment that has become one of the most widely used ________ test.
	factor analysis
------>	projective
	thematic apperception
	empirically derived
	personality inventory
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	2
377. The main advantage of personality inventories over projective tests and interviews is _____________.
------>	inventories are standardized.
	interviews are more reliable.
	interviews have higher validity.
	interviews are more indirect.
	there are no major differences.
	1
378. Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists rely primarily on ____________.
	projective tests
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------>	direct observation
	detailed analysis of dreams
	interviews
	hypothetical situations
	2
379. Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists sometimes make use of _______.
	projective tests
	introjective tests
	reports by friends
	responses to hypothetical situations
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------>	rating scales and frequency counts
	5
380. Mr. Kocin was asked by this psychotherapist to look at a few ambiguous pictures and make up a story about each. Mr. Kocin was most likely taking the:
	Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
	MMPI.
	Rorschach test.
------>	TAT.
	Personality Inventory.
	4
381. In studying personality, Mr. Palinato, a trait theorist, would most likely:
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	use a projective test.
	observe a person in a variety of life situations.
	use free association.
	use factor analysis.
------>	use a personality inventory.
	5
382. Which personality test relies on the interpretation of inkblots to understand personality?
	MMPI
	16PF 
	TAT
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	NEO-PI
------>	Rorschach
	5
383. The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of which type of personality test?
------>	objective
	subjective
	strategic
	projective
	deviant
	1
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384. A "lie scale" or validity scale that assesses the extent in which a person is faking to make a good impression is included in the: 
	Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
	Rorschach inkblot test
	TAT
------>	MMPI
	Locus of Control Scale
	4
385. What is the MMPI?
	a self-report personality inventory
	a test designed for people with a psychological disorder
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	an objective personality test
------>	all of the above
	none of the above
	4
386. What is one criticism of projective tests?
	They are inappropriate for use with children.
	They are too simple in their administration and scoring.
------>	They have low validity and reliability.
	They fail to take into account differences in the testing environments. 
	They have interpretive categories that are too narrow.
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	3
387. While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Vince notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways. He asks his daughter, who is a graduate student in psychology, why that is. What is his daughter likely to say?
	Truly psychotic individuals expect to find "strange" items on tests.
	Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people.
------>	Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to "fake" the test by not reading.
	The MMPI contains a number of experimental items that are used in developing future versions of the test. 
	These items correspond to items on other tests so that scores on different tests can be compared.
	3
388. The technique of assessing personality by asking a person to make up a story based on a picture presented by the researcher is an example of which of the following types of tests?
	personality inventory
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------>	projective
	sublimation
	individualism
	trait/type
	2
389. One major reason for the unreliability of the Rorschach inkblot test or other projective tests is the fact that:
	the test can only be used effectively with severely maladjusted individuals.
	the test cannot discriminate between those who may have suicidal and those who just suffer depression.
	the test does not allow for a truthful conversation between patient and therapist.
------>	psychologists often do not agree on how to score the results of the test.
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	the test does not take perceptions of patients into account.
	4
390. Frank and Gina are looking at an abstract painting in a museum. Gina describes objects and people she thinks she sees in the painting. Frank says, "It's a bunch of paint thrown on a canvas." Gina responds, "No, there is so much here that you just don't see." During lunch they agree that their experience reminds them of what concept they learned in introductory psychology?
	social cognition
	trait theory 
------>	projective testing 
	the Big Five
	objective testing
	3
391. Teresa is taking a personality test that involves her describing random patterns of dots. Teresa is taking which type of personality test?
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	the MMPI
	the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
------>	a projective test
	Factor analysis
	a personality inventory
	3
392. Ethan is usually talkative and animated when hanging out with his girlfriend, but reserved at home. He actively participates in many classroom discussions in Social Studies but frequently seems to talk with friends at the gym. Ethan's behavior should lead us to question the importance of: 
	self-esteem
	reciprocal determinism
	defense mechanisms
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------>	personality traits
	unconditional positive regard
	4
393. Which of the following concepts did Carl Jung originate?
	id
	superego
	castration anxiety
------>	introversion-extraversion
	inferiority complex
	4
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394. Self-esteem would be most associated with which of the following perspectives?
	Psychodynamic
	Trait
	Social-cognitive
------>	Humanistic
	Behavioral
	4
395. Although David seems bright and capable to his parents and friends, he has been failing in school. David agrees to speak with a psychologist, who after taking a personality inventory, suggests that his problems stem from internal processes such as unrealistic expectations and negative thinking. The psychologist's view is typical of which of the following models of personality?
	Psychoanalytic
	Humanistic
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------>	Social-cognitive
	Behavioral
	Trait
	3
396. For her class presentation, Amanda intends to discuss the Big Five personality factors used by people throughout the world to describe themselves. Which of the following factors will Amanda not discuss in her presentation?
	openness
	conscientiousness
------>	independence
	extraversion
	agreeableness
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	3
397. What must a person have in order to overcome a sense of helplessness that is associated with the repeated occurrence of negative events?
------>	personal control
	learned helplessness
	introspection
	reciprocal determinism
	external locus of control
	1
398. A psychologist at a community college administered an empirically derived personality test to diagnose an emotionally troubled student. Which test did the psychologist most likely administer?
	the Rorschach
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	the TAT
	the DMVD
------>	the MMPI
	the locus of control life test
	4
399. Recent research on the Big Five personality factors provides evidence that:
	some traits on describe personality in Western cultures.
------>	some tendencies decrease during adulthood, while others increase.
	the heritability of these traits runs less than 25 percent.
	all of the above are true.
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	none of the above are true.
	2
400. Having an attitude of learned helplessness is most likely to promote:
	an internal locus of control
	unconditional positive regard
------>	pessimism
	optimism
	self-actualization
	3
401. Andrew's grandfather, who has lived a rich and productive life, is a spontaneous, loving, and self-accepting person. Maslow may say that Andrew's grandfather:
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	has an internal locus of control.
	is an extravert.
	has resolved all the conflicts of the psychosexual stages.
------>	is a self-actualized person.
	all of the above.
	4
402. Jacob had the desire and potential to be a pianist but became, instead, a trader in commodities. He decided never to touch the piano again. According to Maslow, what is going on with Jacob?
	He suffers from incontinence.
	He suffers from Womb Envy.
	He has an inferiority complex.
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	He has an internal locus of control.
------>	He has not achieved self-actualization.
	5
403. Bandura believes that the most well-adjusted people have a strong sense of _________, a sense of competence in managing one's life, and mastery in achieving pone's personal goals.
	self-esteem
------>	self-efficacy
	self-loathing
	self-importance
	external locus of control
	2
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404. Individuals with a high self-esteem are more likely to ___________ than those with a low self-esteem. 
	associate with people who share the same attitudes as them
	question their beliefs
	dismiss positive and flattering descriptions of themselves
	experience an external locus of control
------>	have a strong ego
	5
405. Maslow proposed that people who are self-actualized have exceptionally healthy personalities. Which of the following, according to Maslow, are NOT representative of self-actualized people?
	spontaneous
------>	extreme in personality (e.g., either conforming or rebellious)
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	thrive on their work
	not dependant on others for approval
	comfortable being alone
	2
406. Aiden's substandard academic performance is both a cause and result of his feelings of academic inferiority. Aiden's situation best illustrates the importance of:
------>	reciprocal determinism
	internal locus of control
	defense mechanisms
	self-serving bias
	the spotlight effect
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	1
407. The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a(n):
	personality test used to assess locus of control.
	personality test used to assess the Big 5.
------>	empirically derived and objective personality test.
	personality test developed to assess job applicants.
	projective personality test.
	3
408. In which projective testing method does a subject reveal inner feelings and interests through stories he or she creates about pictures of ambiguous scenes?
	MMPI
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	Standord-Binet
	Myers-Briggs
------>	TAT
	None of the above
	4
409. Bristol believes that the questions on her college exams are unrelated to the course work so therefore, studying is useless. Bristol's belief most clearly illustrates:
	displacement
	reaction formation
	sublimation
	reciprocal determinism
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------>	an external locus of control
	5
410. Carl Rogers emphasized accepting people for what they are, not for what you would like them to be. This acceptance is termed ___________.
	unconditional self-worth
	unconditional esteem
	conditional positive regard
------>	unconditional positive regard
	conditional self-worth
	4
411. According to Carl Rogers, anxiety and neurotic behaviors occur when _______.
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	a person has low self-esteem
	there is matching between the real self and ideal self
------>	there is a discrepancy between the real self and ideal self
	the individual receives too much unconditional positive regard 
	has a poor sense of self-efficacy
	3
412. Carl Rogers believed our perception of our abilities, behaviors, and characteristics are known as:
	self-regard.
	personality.
------>	self-concept.
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	self-efficacy.
	internal locus of control.
	3
413. Humanistic psychologists would most likely be criticized for underestimating the value of:
	the spotlight effect.
	individualism.
	locus of control.
	self-serving bias.
------>	social influence.
	5
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414. Because Mrs. Johnston trusts her employees, she treats them very kindly. Her kindness leads them to work diligently on her behalf, which in turn increases her trust in them. According to Bandura, this pattern of trust, kindness, and increasing trust illustrates:
	internal locus of control
	external locus of control
	the spot light effect
	learned helplessness
------>	reciprocal determinism
	5
415. One of the main differences between the psychoanalytic view and the social cognitive view is ________________.
------>	the social cognitive view allows for testing, whereas the psychoanalytic view does not
	that the mind is more important to the psychoanalyst than the cognitivist
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	the psychoanalytic view requires feedback from clients and the social cognitive view does not
	the social cognitive view is more abstract than the psychoanalytic view
	the social cognitive view relies more on unconscious processes than the psychoanalytic view
	1
416. Albert Bandura's notion that people are affected by their environment but can also influence that environment is known as __________.
	self-efficacy 
	locus of control
	phenomenology 
	self-actualization
------>	reciprocal determinism
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	5
417. According to Rogers, which of the following people is MOST likely to become a fully functioning person? 
	someone with a strongly developed superego
	someone with an extraverted personality 
	someone brought up with conditional positive regard
------>	someone brought up with unconditional positive regard
	someone with a strong sense of self-efficacy
	4
418. A baseball player's son is quite talented; he has received lots of awards over the years. When he gets up to bat, he expects to get a hit, and when he is in the field, he expects to make every catch. According to Bandura, what characteristic does this young man seem to have?
	self-regard 
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	self-centeredness 
------>	self-efficacy 
	self-actualization 
	self-worth
	3
419. Which of the following concepts is NOT found in the humanistic perspective of personality?
	self-actualization
	each person is unique
	personal freedom of choice
	subjective motivation
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------>	self-efficacy
	5
420. Gracie believes that she will be highly successful in college if she works hard and carefully manages her time in her senior year of high school. Her belief best illustrates:
	personal freedom
	self-actualization
	reaction formation
	reciprocal determinism
------>	internal locus of control
	5
421. A famous psychologist argues that there are three factors that influence personality: environment, person, and behavior. This psychologist is most likely a ______ psychologist.
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	psychodynamic 
------>	social cognitive 
	psychoanalytic 
	trait
	humanistic
	2
422. What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers's theories have in common?
	They are both stage theories. 
	They focus on unconscious motivation.
------>	They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny.
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	They both fit in the learning/cognitive perspective. 
	They both emphasize the role of inherited behaviors throughout history.
	3
423. The humanistic perspective has been criticized for :
------>	underestimating the inherent human capacity for evil behaviors.
	overestimating the effect of an external locus of control.
	overestimating the degree of similarity among the human race.
	underestimating the inconsistency of human behavior from one situation to another.
	overestimating the impact of childhood experiences on personality.
	1
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424. According to Freud, the id derives pleasure from distinct ___________ during the early psychosexual stages of development.
	defense mechanisms
------>	erogenous zones
	identifications
	self concepts
	identities
	2
425. Erica is unconsciously fearful she did not get accepted into the college of her dreams. Recently when asked, she refused to say she wanted to go there because, she said, "I would much rather stay closer to home and go to the community college." Erica's comment best illustrates:
	regression
	repression
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------>	rationalization
	displacement
	projection
	3
426. According to Freud, the unconscious is:
------>	the thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories, of which we are unaware.
	part of personality that does not affect behavior.
	a set of universal concepts acquired by humans from our past.
	a center of deeply repressed memories that has no impact on behavior.
	all of the above
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	1
427. Jill is an 8-year-old girl who is having a birthday party. According to Freud, since Jill is in the latency period, whom would you expect to be at her party?
------>	mostly girls
	mostly boys
	mostly male parents who look like her father
	mostly female parents who look like her mother
	mostly parents
	1
428. In Freud's personality theory, the ________ are in conflict and the _______ must mediate between them.
	ego and superego; id
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	id and ego; superego
	ego and superego; conscience 
	id and conscience; superego
------>	id and superego; ego
	5
429. According to the psychoanalytical perspective of personality, the ______ is responsible for acting on the "reality principle."
	superego
	id
------>	ego
	subconscious
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	preconscious
	3
430. The ______ controls the satisfaction of the id's drives in the external world. 
	personal unconscious
	collective unconscious
	superego
	persona
------>	ego
	5
431. Which of the following statements describes the relationship between temperament and personality?
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	Temperament and personality are the exact same thing.
	Personality, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's temperament is built.
------>	Temperament, which we are born with, is the basis upon which one's personality is built.
	Temperament refers to negative personal characteristics, while personality refers to positive personal characteristics.
	Personality refers to negative personal characteristics, while temperament refers to positive personal characteristics.
	3
432. The unique and relatively stable ways in which each individual thinks, acts, and feels is called __________.
------>	personality
	nurture
	a trait
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	nature
	character
	1
433. The neo-Freudian, Carl Jung, suggested the existence of a collective unconscious that contains images shared by all people called ______.
	schemas 
	paradigms
	prototypes 
	instincts
------>	archetypes
	5
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434. Freud became interested in the unconscious when he noticed that certain symptoms in his patients:
	could not be removed by the means of medication.
	could not be removed by the means of hypnosis.
------>	could not be explained in terms of neurological impairments.
	resulted from a loss of internal locus of control.
	resulted from learned helplessness.
	3
435. In Sigmund Freud's theory, the _______ operates according to the pleasure principle.
------>	id 
	ego
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	thanatos 
	superego 
	ego ideal
	1
436. According to Karen Horney, men had __________.
	penis envy
	breast envy
------>	womb envy
	birthing envy
	estrogen envy
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	3
437. According to Freud, defense mechanisms are used by the: 
	id, ego, and superego to solve conflicts.
	superego to prevent aggressive drives and impulses.
------>	ego to prevent threatening impulses and drives from being consciously recognized.
	id to defend against guilty feelings produced by the superego.
	ego to defend against guilty feelings produced by the superego and id.
	3
438. Carl Jung's term for the part of our personality that Freud referred to as the unconscious was the _____________.
------>	personal unconscious
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	archetype
	collective unconscious
	animus
	animas
	1
439. Freud's theory of personality has been criticized because it:
------>	offers few testable predictions that allow one to determine its validity.
	is reliant upon observations derived from Freud's use of projective tests.
	is contradicted by research demonstrating the human's ability for destruction.
	underestimates the importance of biological influences in personality development.
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	none of the above.
	1
440. Which of Freud's levels of consciousness consists of thoughts and feelings that can be easily brought into immediate awareness?
	conscious level
	unconscious level 
------>	preconscious level 
	postconscious level 
	manifest level
	3
441. Jessie becomes furious when her favorite hockey player is intentionally hurt by an opponent. According to Freud's model of the mind, her id would unconsciously say _________.
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	"Thou shalt not kill."
	"I'm going to create an action plan!"
	"What, me angry? I never get angry!" 
	"I'm going to leave this game right now!" 
------>	"I'm so angry I could kill that player!"
	5
442. When two-year old Lily was told she would not get ice-cream until she finished her dinner, she threw her plate onto the floor while having a temper tantrum. Freud would have suggested that Lily was unable to resist the demands of her:
	ego.
------>	id.
	superego.
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	collective unconscious.
	self-concept.
	2
443. When eighteen year old Aaron received a large inheritance from his grandfather, he was tempted to purchase a sports car. Aaron decided, instead, to deposit his inheritance into an investment account for his college education. Aaron demonstrates a:
	weak id.
	strong id.
------>	strong ego.
	strong external locus of control.
	weak internal locus of control.
	3
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444. Many have compared Freud's idea of the mind to an iceberg. If that were the case and you were standing on the deck of a ship in Alaska, what part of the mind would you see above the water?
------>	ego
	superego
	id
	preconscious
	anteroconscious
	1
445. Addison is extremely gullible and accepts just about anything she is told as the truth. According to the psychoanalytic perspective, Addison is most likely fixated in the ___________ stage.
	genital
	latency
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	phallic
	anal
------>	oral
	5
446. While Dr. Mitchell was going through a painful divorce, she tended to create unnecessarily difficult exams and gave students low grades. A psychoanalyst would be most likely to view the professor's treatment of students as an example of:
	regression.
	repression.
	projection.
------>	displacement.
	reaction formation.
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	4
447. According to Freud, the stage in which children develop a marked attachment to the parent of the opposite sex and become jealous of the same-sex parent is the ______. 
	anal stage 
	genital stage
	oral stage 
	latency stage
------>	phallic stage
	5
448. A psychoanalyst would say that parents who disguise hostility toward their children by being overly protective are most likely using the defense mechanism of:
	projection
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	regression
------>	reaction formation
	repression
	displacement
	3
449. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, rationality as well as logical thinking and reasoning are controlled by our ______. 
	pleasure principle
	superego
	id
------>	ego
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	preconscious
	4
450. Reaction formation refers to the process by which people:
	offer self-justifying explanations in place of the real but unacceptable unconscious reasons for action.
	retreat to behavior patterns characteristic in early stages of development.
------>	consciously express feelings that are the opposite of unacceptable unconscious thoughts.
	disguise unacceptable unconscious desires and impulses by attributing them to others.
	express and treat others with anger and hostility because of unconscious conflicts.
	3
451. According to the Big Five trait dimensions, _____________ is most closely related to one's level of creativity.
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------>	openness
	conscientiousness
	extraversion
	agreeableness
	neuroticism
	1
452. Sasha is quiet, anxious, pessimistic, and moody. In terms of the Eysenck's basic personality dimensions, Sasha would be described as:
	passive-aggressive
	external-dependent
	internal-dependent
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	internal-impulsive
------>	unstable-introverted
	5
453. Cattell believed there were underlying traits that direct surface traits. He called these traits: 
------>	source traits 
	secondary traits 
	subordinate traits
	background traits 
	primary traits
	1
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454. An individual who is disorganized and careless would most likely score low on the Big Five trait dimension known as:
	extraversion.
	openness.
	agreeableness.
------>	conscientiousness.
	emotional stability.
	4
455. Paul is considered to be warm, friendly, and considerate. He loves to tell jokes at soccer practice and is always a team player. On which of the two Big Five traits, would Paul be expected to obtain a high scores?
	conscientiousness and extraversion
	openness and neuroticism
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	extraversion and neuroticism
	openness and conscientiousness
------>	agreeableness and extraversion
	5
456. Travis is a participant in the x-games every year, which features events that are high flying and exhilarating to watch or participate in, but also very dangerous to the competitors. Because Travis is willing to take chances with his health to get the adrenaline rush from these sorts of events, Cost and McCrae would argue that he ranks high on which of the five factors?
------>	openness
	neuroticism
	conscientiousness
	extraversion
	agreeableness
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	1
457. Which one of the goals of psychology would be most relevant in the trait perspective?
------>	description
	explanation
	maintenance
	control
	changing
	1
458. Trait theorists are more focused on _______ personality rather than ______ it.
	interpreting; observing
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	interpreting; analyzing
------>	describing; explaining
	predicting; assessing
	predicting; changing
	3
459. What did Gordon Allport think about traits?
	He thought they were like stages.
------>	He thought they were wired into the nervous system. 
	He thought they were learned.
	He thought they were the result of cognitive modeling.
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	He thought they were the result of observation and imitation.
	2
460. Which neurotransmitter is not implicated in the development of mood disorders?
	serotonin
	dopamine
------>	endorphins
	norepinephrine
	estrogen
	3
461. According to family, twin, and adoption studies, a person is at greatest risk for developing schizophrenia ________.
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	if he or she has a nonidentical twin diagnosed with the disorder
------>	if he or she has an identical twin diagnosed with the disorder
	if he or she has a biological parent diagnosed with the disorder
	if he or she has an adoptive parent diagnosed with the disorder
	if he or she has 2 adoptive grandparents with the disorder
	2
462. In which disorder does a person seem to experience at least two or more distinct personalities existing in one body?
	depersonalization
	the fugue
	schizophrenia
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	panic disorder
------>	dissociative identity disorder
	5
463. Marty is moody, manipulative, unstable, lacks a clear sense of identity, and often clings to others. He wants to have close relationships but is unable to do so because he is untrusting of others. Marty is suffering from ________ personality disorder.
	antisocial
------>	borderline
	avoidant
	dependent
	paranoid
	2
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464. Which of the following is the biological explanation for mood disorders?
	They are a result of distortions in thinking.
	They are a result of learned helplessness.
	They are a result of anger turned inward on oneself.
	They are a result of overbearing parents.
------>	They are a result of an imbalance of brain chemicals.
	5
465. A dissociative disorder characterized by a partial or complete loss of memory for personal information that is usually associated with a stressful or emotionally traumatic experience is known as ________.
	dissociative fugue
	dissociative identity disorder
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	depersonalization disorder
------>	dissociative amnesia
	dissociation hypertension
	4
466. Which of the following is FALSE regarding the causes of antisocial personality disorder?
	Close biological relatives of people with this disorder are more likely to be diagnosed than those who are not related.
------>	There is a greater risk of antisocial personality disorder in relatives of people with schizotypal personality disorder.
	People with antisocial personality disorder are more likely to have experienced disturbances in family relationships and communication.
	Lower than normal levels of stress hormones are linked to emotional unresponsiveness to stressful or threatening situations.
	Higher than normal levels of stress neurotransmitters are linked to over active responsiveness to emotional situations.
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	2
467. ________ is used to help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders.
------>	The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
	The Textbook of Psychological Disorders
	The Physician's Desk Reference
	The Textbook of Physiological Disorders
	The Physiatrist's Diagnostic Science Manual (PDSM)
	1
468. Mary is an adolescent who currently has a small pimple on her cheek that is causing her to be overly self-conscious. She is convinced that everyone she meets stares at and talks about her pimple. Mary's behavior exhibits ________.
	a sense of idealism
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	personal fable
	puberty
	menarche
------>	imaginary audience
	5
469. Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait?
	recessive
	recombinant
	mutated
	tardive
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------>	dominant
	5
470. Which of the following statements about learning is NOT true?
------>	Learning is another word for "maturation."
	Learning is relatively permanent.
	Learning involves experiences.
	Learning involves practice
	Learning involves changes in behavior.
	1
471. While taking the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, Vince notices that it contains certain questions that are asked several times in different ways. He asks his daughter, who is a graduate student in psychology, why that is. What is his daughter likely to say?
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	The MMPI contains a number of experimental items that are used in developing future versions of the test.
	Truly psychotic individuals expect to find "strange" items on tests.
------>	Some items are used to determine if test takers are trying to "fake" the test by not reading.
	Those items contain hidden content that is not apparent to normal people.
	Those items contain subliminal information that they do not see.
	3
472. A psychologist evaluated Tameka, an eight-year-old child who has experienced difficulty in school. The psychologist sent questionnaires to 100 teachers to determine if they had ever seen similar cases. Based on the teachers' responses, the psychologist hypothesized that a particular diet might cause the learning problem. Following her tabulation of the responses, she designed a study that would tell her if diet were the actual cause. Which of the following lists, in order from first to last, the research methods this psychologist used?
	naturalistic observation, survey, experiment
	experiment, correlation, bias
	experiment, case study, survey
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------>	case study, survey, experiment
	correlation, case study, experiment
	4
473. You train your dog, Milo, to salivate at the sound of a bell. Then you ring the bell every five minutes and don't follow the ringing with food for Milo. He salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at all when the bell rings. But the next morning, when you ring the bell, Milo salivates! What term is used to explain the reappearance of this response?
	stimulus discrimination
------>	spontaneous recovery
	instinctive drift
	counterconditioning
	extinction
	2
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474. Laurie, a 30-year-old homemaker, has delusions and hallucinations, often acts silly, giggles loudly and inappropriately, makes odd gestures, and does not bathe or change her clothes regularly. Her symptoms indicate she is suffering from ________ schizophrenia.
	paranoid
	undifferentiated
	catatonic
	residual
------>	disorganized
	5
475. Darcy is sitting at her desk in her office one day when, without warning, her heart begins racing rapidly, she has a sensation of being "out of her body," and she experiences dulled vision and hearing, rapid breathing, and sweating. She thinks she is having a heart attack. Nothing she is doing seems to have caused such an episode. Her symptoms MOST resemble ________.
	a compulsion
------>	a panic attack
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	a phobia
	affective disorder
	a ritual
	2
476. Which of the following is a condition in which a person shows little or no emotion?
	hallucinations
	delusions
------>	flat affect
	appropriate affect
	inappropriate affect
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	3
477. Luke is diagnosed with a somatoform disorder. His therapist believes that his disorder is reinforced by his family, his doctors, and by his ability to avoid stressful situations that are associated with his disorder. Luke's therapist is probably a ________.
------>	behaviorist
	psychoanalyst
	cognitive psychologist
	biological psychologist
	neuropsychologist
	1
478. The treatment recommended for a patient at the mental health clinic is phototherapy. What is the likely diagnosis?
	dysthymic disorder
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	panic disorder
------>	seasonal affective disorder
	bipolar disorder
	anxiety disorder
	3
479. Dr. Nwoambi is a psychologist who is currently evaluating a new client. Dr. Nwoambi would most likely refer to the ________ to assist her in diagnosing her client's psychological disorder.
------>	The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)
	The Textbook of Psychological Disorders
	The Physician's Desk Reference
	The Textbook of Physiological Disorders
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	The Psychiatrist's Diagnostic Science Manual (PDSM)
	1
480. Which of the following is the term used to describe a sudden onset of extreme panic with various symptoms including racing heart, rapid breathing, and sweating?
	compulsion
------>	panic attack
	phobia
	affective disorder
	ritual
	2
481. When Bob noticed a pain in his thigh, he was convinced it was a sign of bone cancer. Although x-rays revealed no sign of cancer, Bob sought the opinions of a dozen other physicians who agreed with the original opinion. What psychological disorder might Bob's behavior indicate?
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	conversion disorder
	mood disorder
	catatonic schizophrenia
------>	hypochondriasis
	depersonalization disorder
	4
482. A person who suffers from bipolar disorder alternates between ________.
	anxiety and mania
------>	depression and manic episodes
	depression and schizophrenia
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	mania and schizophrenia
	anxiety and schizophrenia
	2
483. People who have a(n) ________ are afraid of being evaluated in some negative way by others, so they tend to avoid situations that can be embarrassing.
	specific phobia
	interactive phobia
	agoraphobia
------>	social phobia
	generalized phobia
	4
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484. Which of the following best describes dysthymia?
	a form of depression that affects biological functions such as appetite
	a severe, intermittent form of depression
	a form of depression that is very responsive to electroconvulsive therapy
------>	a mild, chronic form of depression
	a mild, consistent form of mania
	4
485. Intruding thoughts that occur again and again are called ________. Repetitive, ritualistic behaviors are called ________.
	impulses; intrusions
	compulsions; obsessions
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	instincts; drives
------>	obsessions; compulsions
	intrusions; impulses
	4
486. A person who is suffering from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations and who is unable to distinguish between fantasy and reality is likely suffering from _______.
	a dissociative disorder
	passive-aggressive personality
------>	schizophrenia
	bipolar disorder
	anxiety disorder
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	3
487. While doing volunteer work at a mental hospital, Mary is put on a ward for adults with severe mental disorders. One patient remains in the same position for hours at a time and never talks. The doctors tell Mary this patient suffers from ________.
	disorganized schizophrenia
	depersonalization disorder
	obsessive-compulsive disorder
------>	catatonic schizophrenia
	residual schizophrenia
	4
488. Joey experienced a great amount of anger throughout his childhood and adolescence that he turned inward rather than expressing to others. As a result of not expressing his anger, which of the following disorders is Joey at risk of developing?
	fugue
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	amnesia
	anxiety
	schizophrenia
------>	depression
	5
489. A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ________.
	passive-aggressive personality
------>	schizophrenia
	a dissociative disorder
	bipolar disorder
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	anxiety disorder
	2
490. A hospital patient was diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia because she was having both delusions and hallucinations. What type of symptoms are these?
	a mix of positive and negative
------>	positive
	negative
	indifferent
	atypical
	2
491. A therapist is interested in helping his client change his disordered behavior. This therapist is most likely to be a/an ________.
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	insight therapist
	biomedical therapist
------>	action therapist
	relationship therapist
	physical therapist
	3
492. Lulu sees a professional once a month to manage the medication she is taking to help alleviate the symptoms of her anxiety disorder. The type of therapy Lulu is undergoing is called ________.
------>	biomedical therapy
	physical therapy
	psychotherapy
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	electroconvulsive shock therapy
	lobotomy
	1
493. ________ therapies have had considerable success in treating bedwetting, overeating, drug addictions, and phobic reactions.
------>	Behavior
	Biomedical
	Humanistic
	Psychoanalytic
	REBT
	1
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494. Dr. Nevolia has a client diagnosed with a somatoform disorder. She believes her client's disorder is due to a tendency to magnify her symptoms and allow false beliefs to dominate her thinking. Dr. Nevolia is probably a ________.
	behaviorist
	biological psychologist
------>	cognitive psychologist
	psychoanalyst
	group psychologist
	3
495. Which of the following is an advantage of cognitive and cognitive-behavioral therapies?
------>	They are less expensive and short term than typical insight therapies.
	Clients do not need to be verbal.
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	The therapist decides which of the client's beliefs are rational and which are irrational.
	They treat the underlying cause of the problem.
	Treats patients with dementia. 
	1
496. In which form of therapy does the therapist take a directive role, challenging clients when they make "my way or nothing" statements?
	psychoanalysis
	behavior therapy
------>	rational-emotive behavior therapy
	person-centered therapy
	family therapy
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	3
497. Therapies that focus on the present and assume that people observe the world and the people around them, make assumptions and inferences based on these observations, and then decide how to respond is called ________.
	person-centered therapy
------>	cognitive-behavioral therapy
	behavior therapy
	psychoanalysis
	Gestalt therapy
	2
498. An advantage of group therapy is that it ________.
	can only be used alone and not in combination with any other form of therapy
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	can be helpful to those who have difficulty speaking in public
	can be helpful to individuals who are uncomfortable in social situations
	can be helpful to people who are afraid of going outside
------>	can provide help to individuals who may be unable to afford individual psychotherapy
	5
499. Family counseling is a form of ________ therapy.
	organic
	informal
	self-help
	dynamic
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------>	group
	5
500. Eye-movement desensitization reprocessing is primarily used for treatment of ________.
	depression
------>	post-traumatic stress disorder
	schizophrenia
	DID
	GAD
	2
501. Which of the following is an advantage of self-help groups?
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------>	They are free.
	They are facilitated by an experienced therapist who is familiar with the group members' problems.
	They are facilitated by a person who is not familiar with the members' problems.
	They provide access to needed medications.
	They help individuals one at a time.
	1
502. An advantage to group therapy is that groups ________.
	allow countertransference to occur
	bestow unconditional approval on group members
------>	are a source of social support
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	allow an extremely shy person to feel more comfortable speaking up
	stop schizophrenic behaviors
	3
503. Which approach assumes that disorders come from illogical, irrational cognitions and that changing the thinking patterns to more rational, logical ones will relieve the symptoms of the disorder?
	Gestalt
	psychodynamic
	person-centered
	psychoanalytic
------>	cognitive-behavioral
	5
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504. Electroconvulsive therapy has been used successfully to treat ________ that has not responded to other treatments.
	obsessive-compulsive disorder
	schizophrenia
------>	severe depression
	bipolar disorder
	depersonalization disorder
	3
505. A therapist challenges what she sees as her client's irrational and self-defeating thoughts. Her goal is to help her client change these thoughts into more rational, helpful, positive thoughts. In addition, she wants to help her client develop strategies that can be used to cope with future problems. She is probably a ________ therapist.
	Gestalt
	psychodynamic
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	person-centered
	psychoanalytic
------>	cognitive-behavioral
	5
506. Which of the following is a disadvantage of group therapy?
	It allows the therapist to see how the client interacts with others.
	It often allows group members to help one another learn new social skills.
------>	The client must share the therapist's time.
	The therapist is the only person to whom secrets are revealed.
	The client feels supported by others in the group.
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	3
507. Bilateral cingulotomy has been performed in cases of ________ that have not responded to other therapy techniques.
	schizophrenia
	antisocial personality disorder
------>	major depression
	panic disorder
	histrionic personality disorder
	3
508. The therapist's feeling of respect and affection for the client that exists without any strings attached, no matter what the client may say or do, is called ________.
------>	unconditional positive regard
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	empathy
	catharsis
	conditions of worth
	free association
	1
509. Which of the following individuals would be considered a good candidate for humanistic therapy?
	Pasha, who is unable to verbally express her thoughts and feelings
------>	Lou, who is seeking a career change
	Kaleem, who suffers from a severe psychotic disorder
	Anna, who suffers from schizophrenia
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	Mary, who is extremely withdrawn
	2
510. Gestalt therapy is an outgrowth of the work of ________.
	Lazarus
	Rogers
------>	Perls
	Wolpe
	Freud 
	3
511. Dr. Garcia is treating a patient who has a fear of knives. He believes his patient's fear is a kind of displacement, in which the phobic object is a symbol of whatever his patient has buried deep inside her unconscious mind. Dr. Garcia's view is consistent with that of ________.
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	the biological perspective
	cognitive psychologists
------>	the psychodynamic model
	behaviorists
	the imagery model
	3
512. Every time Alice cleans her room properly and makes the bed she receives a marble. When she accumulates 100 marbles, she can get the new video game she wants. What type of behavioral program are Alice's parents using?
	extinction
------>	token economy
	participant modeling
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	systematic desensitization
	schedules of reinforcement
	2
513. According to Freud, the ________ of the dream refers to the client's memory of the things, people, and events in the dream.
------>	manifest content
	free association
	latent content
	resistance
	story content
	1
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514. Which of the following is a key component of Rogers's person-centered therapy?
------>	unconditional positive regard
	cognition
	resistance
	dream interpretation
	empty chair technique
	1
515. What is a major goal of the Gestalt therapist?
	to eliminate the client's undesirable behaviors
------>	to help clients become more aware of their own feelings
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	to facilitate transference
	to provide unconditional positive regard
	to facilitate free association
	2
516. Steve is 21 years old and has never gone on a date. His parents are concerned and take him to see a therapist. The therapist tells Steve to lie down on the couch and relax. The therapist sits behind Steve and asks him to say whatever comes into his head. Steve eventually talks about his fear of women, which leads him to think about his early experiences with women: his mother, her friends, his teachers, and so on. Steve is using ________.
	the empty chair technique
------>	free association
	pole-shifting
	counterconditioning
	token economy
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	2
517. Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors by watching his brother receive attention for hitting and biting and then imitating his behavior. Hiram has learned to seek attention by engaging in inappropriate behaviors by using which of the following techniques?
------>	modeling
	flooding
	paradoxical intent
	aversion therapy
	systematic desensitization
	1
518. Your friend tells you that his therapist is a Gestalt therapist. You ask him to describe what might happen in one of his therapy sessions. Which of the following is his most likely answer?
	"I am asked by the therapist to relax and meditate."
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------>	"During the session I sometimes talk to an empty chair."
	"The therapist evaluates the factual basis of my statements to identify logical inconsistencies."
	"The therapist asks me to describe the details of the dreams I have had recently."
	"The therapist asks me to explain in depth all of the dreams I have had multiple times."
	2
519. Psychoanalysis was a therapy technique designed by ________.
	Carl Rogers
	Fritz Perls
------>	Sigmund Freud
	Alfred Adler
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	Albert Ellis
	3
520. Dr. Graham listens to Maria's statements and then restates what he feels is Maria's message and describes her emotions. What type of therapy is Dr. Graham practicing?
	psychoanalytic
	cognitive
------>	person-centered
	behavior
	biomedical
	3
521. Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for treating overeating or smoking?
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	flooding
	systematic desensitization
	fixed ratio reinforcement scheduled
------>	aversion therapy
	token economy
	4
522. Gestalt therapy is considered ________ because the therapist leads the client through a number of planned exercises as well as confronts the client's statements.
	behavioral
------>	directive
	cognitive
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	nondirective
	biomedical
	2
523. Which of the following is a limitation of humanistic therapy?
	Clients do not need to be verbal.
	The therapist runs the risk of having his or her words misinterpreted by the client.
	It cannot be used in a variety of contexts.
	It cannot be used in a variety of cultures
------>	There is not enough empirical research to support its basic ideas.
	5
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524. What do behavior therapists see as the cause of abnormal or undesirable behaviors?
	unconscious conflicts
	distortions in thinking
	discrepancy between the real self and ideal self
	delusional behaviors
------>	learning
	5
525. Joanna is experiencing severe anxiety. Her psychiatrist attributes her disorder to a chemical imbalance. Her psychiatrist is using the ________ of abnormality.
	behavioral model
------>	biological model
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	psychoanalytic model
	intrapersonal model
	insight model
	2
526. Which model of abnormality holds that physical, mental, and cultural factors are intertwined and that they must all be considered when dealing with psychology disorders?
	the psychophysiological model
------>	the biopsychosocial model
	the Gestalt model
	the eclectic model
	the universal model
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	2
527. Which axis of the DSM-IV-TR contains an overall judgment made by the psychological professional of the person's mental health and adjustment based on a scale from 0 to 100?
	Axis I
	Axis III
	Axis IV
	Axis II
------>	Axis V
	5
528. You are a psychologist who is evaluating the behavior of a new client. The client tells you that he does not like to wear clothing and that he walks around nude most of the time. In addition, he tells you that he lives in a society in which clothing is required and nudity is seen as abnormal. Which of the following is NOT a criterion by which you evaluate your client's behavior as abnormal?
	statistical definition
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------>	subjective discomfort
	social norm deviance
	maladaptive
	hygienic
	2
529. Which of the following is one definition of abnormal behavior?
------>	behavior that is rare
	behavior that is adaptive
	behavior that does not create distress
	behavior that is consistent with the norms of society
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	behavior that is acceptable
	1
530. A cognitive therapist is working with a depressed client. Which of the following causes is the likely focus of this therapist's intervention?
	learned behaviors of depression 
------>	negative interpretations of life events
	positive interpretations of dreams
	a superego that is too harsh and strict
	unusual levels of neurotransmitters
	2
531. The primary purpose of the DSM-IV-TR is to ________.
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	describe the causes of common physiological disorders
	help psychologists assess only normal behavior
------>	help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders
	list disorders in alphabetical order
	keep the number of diagnostic categories of mental disorders to a minimum
	3
532. The biological model views psychological disorders as resulting from ________.
	repressed memories
	unconscious behaviors
	distorted thought patterns
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	underlying behavioral issues
------>	physiological causes
	5
533. What is the branch of psychology that is concerned with the study of abnormal behavior?
	developmental psychology
	psychobiology
------>	psychopathology
	pathology
	health psychology
	3
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534. Which of the following statements is true about the DSM-IV-TR?
	It is used to diagnose medical conditions that may have an impact on mental health.
	It is used to diagnose imaginative conditions of patients with schizophrenia
	It is used to diagnose all kinds of medical conditions.
------>	It describes symptoms and includes a checklist of specific criteria for diagnosis.
	It lists information regarding symptoms but does not include a checklist of criteria that must be met for diagnosis.
	4
535. Which model of abnormality explains abnormal behavior as the result of a set of learned responses?
	cognitive
	biological
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------>	behavioral
	psychosexual
	psychoanalytic
	3
536. The Type C behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________.
	mental illness
------>	cancer
	respiratory illnesses
	coronary heart disease
	acne
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	2
537. The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________.
	cancer
	pneumonia
	mental illness
	respiratory illnesses
------>	coronary heart disease
	5
538. Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer. He has encouraged him to get good grades, graduate college earlier than his peers, and work as hard as he can. Jacob does not care about going to law school, but he does so to please his father. Jacob is responding to ________.
	anxiety
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------>	pressure
	cognitive dissonance
	overload
	hassle
	2
539. Levon has a Type B personality. Which of the following is most likely?
	Levon gets easily upset.
	Levon is competitive.
------>	Levon is slow to anger.
	Levon is determined to achieve.
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	Levon is happy.
	3
540. Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat?
	eustress
	hassles
	major life events
------>	catastrophes
	frustration
	4
541. ________ occurs when a person is blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need.
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	pressure
	hassles
	major life events
	catastrophes
------>	frustration
	5
542. A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month is called ________.
------>	post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
	catastrophic stress
	acute stress disorder
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	external locus of control
	stress disorder
	1
543. Which of the following are the three terms used to describe the way in which hardy people differ from many other Type A people and others who suffer more ill effects due to stress?
	commitment, control, competitiveness
	competitiveness, control, compassion
	compassion, challenge, commitment
	compassion, challenge, character
------>	commitment, control, challenge
	5
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544. Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for ________.
------>	heart attack and stroke
	unplanned pregnancy
	schizophrenia
	promotions at work
	personality disorders
	1
545. The practice of behaviors and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health is called ________.
	religious beliefs
	health
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	coping
------>	wellness
	meditation
	4
546. ________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors.
	Catastrophic stress
------>	Distress
	Acute stress 
	Frustration
	Eustress
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	2
547. Eating a healthy breakfast ________.
	has been shown to decrease the ability to concentrate
	has been shown to increase the need for a morning nap
	has been shown to increase for heart disease
	has been shown to increase the risk of obesity
------>	has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity
	5
548. ________ psychology is the field of study devoted to understanding the relationship between physical activities, psychological traits, and social relationships and overall health and rates of illness.
	Medicinal
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	Developmental
------>	Health
	Physiological
	Biomedical
	3
549. For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.
	alarm phase
	resistance phase
	gathering phase
------>	exhaustion phase
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	hoarding phase
	4
550. Desiring to purchase a book and finding it is out of stock is an example of a(n)________.
	internal conflict
------>	external frustration
	internal frustration
	indifferent frustration
	external conflict
	2
551. Which of the following traits is associated with people who live to be very old?
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	aggressiveness
	indifferent
------>	being easygoing
	inflexibility
	tenseness
	3
552. Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a ________ personality.
	Type B
	Type C
------>	hardy
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	stressed
	Type S 
	3
553. Which of the following is a mental series of exercises meant to refocus attention and achieve a trance-like state of consciousness?
	biofeedback
------>	meditation
	relaxation response
	progressive relaxation
	breathing methods
	2
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554. A person who thrives on stress but lacks the anger and hostility typical of some others who have the Type A personality is said to have a ________ personality.
------>	hardy
	optimistic
	Type B
	Type C
	happy
	1
555. Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome?
------>	Hans Selye
	Lazarus
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	Berkowitz
	Holmes and Rahe
	Beck
	1
556. When subjects in an experimental group put a puzzle piece in the wrong place, the experimenter unconsciously tapped his feet. The experimenter did not tap his feet when subjects in the control group placed a puzzle piece in the wrong place. One method to eliminate the tapping of the experimenter is by instituting:
	the single-blind procedure
------>	the double-blind procedure
	the placebo effect
	the subject bias effect
	the independent variable
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	2
557. In an experiment conducted to determine whether playing violent video games increases aggressive behavior in adolescents, one group of subjects played nonviolent video games and the other group played violent video games. In the play period that followed the video game exercise, researchers observed the two groups of adolescents together and counted the number of aggressive acts. The dependent variable in the experiment is the:
	nonviolent video game
	violent video game
	group playing nonviolent video games
	amount of time spent playing video games
------>	amount of aggressive behavior exhibited by the children
	5
558. Ethan wants to study the effects of alcohol on the behavior of college females. For his study, Ethan spends 6 hours every night for 4 weeks at a campus bar watching how the females act before and after consuming alcoholic beverages. The research method Ethan is conducting is a 
	case study
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	controlled experiment
	survey
	quasi-experiment
------>	naturalistic observation
	5
559. Mary Ainsworth's Stranger Situation is typically tested on young children to demonstrate:
	intelligence
	reaction time
	depth perception
------>	attachment
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	object permanence
	4
560. According to the research on attraction, individuals are most likely to be attracted to others who are:
	less physically attractive than they are
	more physically attractive than they are
	complete strangers
------>	similar to themselves
	total opposites from themselves
	4
561. When asked what they would do if they could be totally invisible and there would be no recrimination, most people answered they would commit an antisocial act. Which of the following social phenomena might best be able to explain this response?
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	group polarization
	social loafing
------>	deindividuation
	self-fullfilling prophecy
	groupthink
	3
562. Which of the following psychotropic drugs will NOT increase behavioral and mental activity?
	cocaine
	caffeine
	benzedrine
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	amphetamines
------>	barbiturates
	5
563. In small quantities, alcohol can be mistaken for a stimulant because it:
	stimulates the sympathetic nervous system
	speeds up the respiration and heart rate
------>	inhibits control of emotions
	induces sleep
	affects the cerebellum
	3
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564. During a debate for Senate, both the Republican and Democratic candidates argued the findings of a recent opinion poll supported their platform in regards to taxes. Because both Senate candidates viewed the information as only supporting their personal belief, they were both guilty of:
	belief bias
	ingroup bias
------>	confirmation bias
	functional fixedness
	prejudice
	3
565. The rules of language that direct a person to derive meaning from words and sentences are the rules of:
	grammar
------>	semantics
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	syntax
	phonemes
	morphemes
	2
566. Which area of the brain is important in processing implicit memories such as ice-skating?
	hippocampus
	association areas
	limbic system
------>	cerebellum
	amygdala
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	4
567. A loose screw on the door hinge keeps causing the door to squeak whenever anyone opens it. When he notices the door squeak the next day, Hunter reaches into his pocket for a dime to tighten the screw holding the hinge. What problem-solving difficulty did Huner overcome?
	retroactive interference
------>	functional fixedness
	poor problem representation
	proactive interferece
	the representative heuristic
	2
568. Behaviorists such as Skinner have argued that language development is the result of: 
	reinforcement
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	association
	imitation
------>	all of the above
	none of the above
	4
569. When Tyrek broke his cell phone and had to purchase a new phone, he also got a new phone number. Every time he is asked for his new number, Tyrek first thinks of his old number. Tyrek is experiencing the effects of:
------>	proactive interference
	retroactive interference
	mental set
	encoding failure
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	storage failure
	1
570. On the 72nd hole of the U.S. Open golf tournament, Phil Mickelson misses a one-foot putt that would have won the championship. During an interview afterward, he stated, "I've made that putt a thousand times on the practice green. I can't believe that I missed it!" Based on your knowledge of social psychology, which phenomenon may have contributed to the errant putt?
	social loafing
	social facilitation
	diffusion of ability
	social compliance
------>	social impairment
	5
571. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique.
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	lowball 
	door-in-the-face
------>	foot-in-the-door
	response cue
	that's-not-all technique
	3
572.  You get a free sample of a new cereal in the mail. The company hopes you will try the cereal and then feel obligated to buy it. What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon?
	indebtedness 
	augmented return 
	social facilitation 
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	obedience
------>	norm of reciprocity 
	5
573. A consultant was telling newly-hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales. At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation. Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology, you recognize the concept as ________________.
------>	the norm of reciprocity
	indebtedness
	foot-in-the-door effect
	returning a favor
	the lowball technique
	1
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574. "Mommy, Mommy, Mommy," your young son asks frantically. "Can we please buy a new PlayStation�3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply, "we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with, "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation�2?" "Okay, I guess so," you answer, not realizing that your very advanced son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted.
------>	door-in-the-face
	foot-in-the-door
	that's-not-all
	lowball
	reciprocity
	1
575. After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked, the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case?
	social influence
	prosocial behavior
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	altruism
	self-serving bias
------>	groupthink
	5
576. Research has found support for Asch's findings in countries including Hong Kong, Japan, and Zimbabwe. In fact, in these locations the conformity effect was even higher than Asch reported. What might explain this increase in conformity?
	These three countries are all located in warmer climates, which Asch found leads to more conformity.
------>	These three countries have generally collectivist cultures.
	These three countries have generally individualistic cultures.
	These three countries did not have access to Asch's work, so their findings were not influenced by the original study.
	These three countries all have uniformly low socioeconomic status.
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	2
577. Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group, and they usually work well together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. 
	fundamental attribution error
	generational identity
------>	groupthink
	self-serving bias
	stereotyping
	3
578. In what way is compliance different from conformity?
------>	Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
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	Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.
	Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands.
	Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.
	Compliance involves soliciting the reactions of individuals, whereas conformity involves direct group pressure.
	1
579. A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade. What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?
	conformity 
------>	social loafing
	social influence 
	social facilitation
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	social idleness
	2
580. Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____.
------>	the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming
	people today are more obedient
	people in the 1950s had less money
	people today watch more television
	people today are less likely to make attributions
	1
581. What is a difference between obedience and conformity?
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------>	In obedience, there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.
	Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules, whereas obedience does not.
	Obedience is an indirect request, whereas conformity is a direct request.
	In conformity, there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group.
	Conformity involves agreeing to change in response to a request, whereas obedience involves an indirect request for agreement.
	1
582. A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate?
	"Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn"
------>	 "Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"
	"Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience"
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	"Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"
	"Informed Consent as an Integral Component of Obedience Research"
	2
583. The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. 
	lowball 
	norm of reciprocity
	foot-in-the-door
	bait-and-switch
------>	door-in-the-face
	5
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584. In Solomon Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity?
	the task difficulty was increased
	the confederates were all adults
------>	the number of confederates increased
	the participants were given two chances at responding
	the respondents were polled individually
	3
585. An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____.
------>	social loafing
	social idleness
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	social facilitation
	the goof-off phenomenon 
	malingering
	1
586. Imagine that 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? 
------>	The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed.
	The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.
	Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. 
	Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment. 
	Most of the participants would demand to speak to the "subject" to see if the pain was becoming too severe. 
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	1
587. Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of _______________________.
	compliance
	persuasion
	obedience
	altruism
------>	conformity 
	5
588.  Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?
	Individuals easily conform to group norms.
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	The presence of other people makes aggression more likely.
------>	People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.
	Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.[SMJ1][KH2] 
	Agreeing to a big request makes it more likely you will agree to a small request.
	3
589. While walking through an airport, a well-dressed lady walks up to you and pins a flower on your shirt, saying "I'd like you to have this flower on behalf of the Brotherhood of Friends. Would you like to make a donation to our cause?" This lady is attempting to use the _____________ to get your money.
	foot-in-the-door technique
	that's-not-all technique
------>	norm of reciprocity
	lowball technique
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	door-in-the-face
	3
590. Which of the following sets of numbers has the largest standard deviation?
	91, 92, 93, 94, 95
	5, 5.5, 5.56, 5.6, 5.65
------>	2, 6, 10, 14, 18
	1.00, 1.10, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75
	-1.5, -1.0, 0, 1.0, 1.5
	3
591. If the variance of a set of scores on a standardized test is 100, the standard deviation will be:
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------>	10
	15
	25
	50
	100
	1
592. If Mr. Nelson compared the scores of students on the even-numbered questions on the test with their scores for the odd-numbered questions, he would be trying to determine if the test had:
	predictive validity
	content validity
	test-retest validity
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------>	split-half validity
	face validity
	4
593. Heather is 26 years old. For her new job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which of the following would be the most appropriate test for her age group?
------>	WAIS-III
	WPPSI-R
	WISC-III
	DAT
	DSM-IVR
	1
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594. Louisa, an 85 year-old, takes longer to solve problems that require abstract thinking than she did when she as 40. This tendency indicates:
	a decrease in her concrete operations
	a decrease in her crystallized intelligence
------>	a decrease in her fluid intelligence
	an increase in her fluid intelligence
	a decrease in her intelligence level
	3
595. Which schedule of reinforcement is followed by Suri, who answers every text message and email message her boyfriend sends?
	fixed ratio
	fixed interval
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	variable interval
------>	continuous
	variable ratio
	4
596. When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession seems to be one light moving from place to place, the effect is referred to as:
	binocular cues
------>	the phi phenomenon
	stroboscopic movement
	divergence
	spontaneous recovery
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	2
597. Students in Mrs. Evan's first grade class are given tokens for positive behavior. At the end of the school week, students are able to put the tokens in vending machines to get prizes. The tokens act as:
	primary reinforcers
	classical conditioners
------>	secondary reinforcers
	unconditioned reinforcers
	negative reinforcers
	3
598. Which of the following reinforcement schedules results in maintenance of behavior that is MOST resistant to extinction?
	continuous
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	fixed ratio
	fixed interval
	variable interval
------>	variable ratio
	5
599. The Robber's Cave experiment showed that _____________.
	playing athletic games, such as football and baseball, reduces us-them hostility
	watching movies together, and similar quiet interactions, reduces us-them hostility 
	engaging in mutually exciting activities, such as tug-of-war, reduces us-them hostility
	participating in educational activities like group spelling contests reduces us-them hostility
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------>	interdependence in solving crises together reduces us-them hostility 
	5
600. Which of the following individuals is the most likely candidate to join a cult?
	Dan, who just got a job, has a great marriage but is unhappy with his religion
	Jane, who is a straight A student and has a great relationship with her parents, but just broke up with her boyfriend
------>	Glenn, who lives with his strict parents, never fights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood
	Brenda, who is disappointed with the president, lives with her sister, and has a great job 
	Bill, who plays two sports, but who will miss both seasons due to a knee injury
	3
601. A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______.
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------>	the bystander effect
	pluralistic compliance
	obedience to authority
	conformity to social norms
	dispositional attribution
	1
602. According to the research of Latan� and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help?
	person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour
	person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot
------>	person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it
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	a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom
	person choking in a crowded restaurant
	3
603. According to Elizabeth Kubler-Ross, the first reaction of a person faced with a terminal illness such as cancer is:
	depression
	anger
	bargaining
------>	denial
	acceptance
	4
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604. According to the social learning theory, gender identity results from:
	labeling a child as a girl or boy
------>	observation and imitation of significant role models
	reinforcement of gender-appropriate behaviors and punishment of gender-inappropriate behaviors
	chromosomal and hormonal differences during prenatal development
	cognitively labeling of oneself
	2
605. Which of the following psychological approaches is most concerned with the importance of how humans encode, store, and retrieve information?
	behavioral approach
	psychodynamic approach
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------>	cognitive approach
	biopsychosocial approach
	biological approach
	3
606. Alyssa eats sparingly and with anguish and disgust, although she has an intense interest in food. Alyssa fears of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. Alyssa is most likely suffering from ________.
	obesity phobia
	set-point nervosa
------>	anorexia nervosa
	repression
	bulimia nervosa
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	3
607. In Maslow's hierarchy of needs, striving for personal fulfillment and living up to one's potential are examples of: 
	physiological needs
	biological needs
	belonging needs
	secondary needs
------>	self-actualization needs
	5
608. The ________ theory used to describe motivation suggests a connection between internal physical states and outward behavior.
	motives
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	motivation-reduction
------>	drive-reduction
	need-reduction
	incentive-drive
	3
609. According to Maslow, the motive of self-actualization makes one want ________.
	to protect themselves and family members
------>	to fulfill one's fullest potential
	to have contact with others and be accepted
	to convince others of one's true worth
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	to possess as many material goods as possible
	2
610. The saying, "Out of sight, out of mind," can easily summarize which of the following social psychological phenomenon in regards to attraction?
------>	proximity
	reciprocal liking
	similarity
	physical attractiveness
	closeness
	1
611. "Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to __________.
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------>	similarity
	reinforcement 
	self-disclosure
	emotional expression 
	identification
	1
612. Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? 
------>	An outgoing woman marries a shy man.
	A girl marries the boy next door.
	Two tennis players become good friends.
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	A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love.
	A girl who learns that a boy likes her begins to like the boy.
	1
613. Receptors for kinesthesis are located in the: 
------>	semicircular canals
	olfactory epithelium
	retinal
	cochlea
	basilar ganglia
	1
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614. A painting that shows sailboats on a lake in the foreground and mountains further away would NOT use which cue to contribute to your perception that the mountains are further away than the boats in the picture?
	linear perspective
------>	retinal disparity
	interposition
	relative height
	texture gradient
	2
615. The most common form of color blindness is related to the deficiencies in the: 
	bipolar cells
	blue-yellow system
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	blue-red system
------>	red-green system
	black-white system
	4
616. Anthony is dishonest, has been in repeated trouble with authority figures, and lacks remorse for his actions. Anthony's behavior is characteristic of which of the following personality disorders?
------>	antisocial
	borderline
	narcissistic
	histrionic
	schizoid
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	1
617. One suspected biological cause of schizophrenia is the abnormal increase of which of the following neurotransmitters?
	acetylcholine
	glutamate
------>	dopamine
	norepinephrine
	serotonin
	3
618. Jarren is feeling down, does not want to do anything but sleep and is reacting to low levels of light present in the winter months. Jarren is most likely suffering from: 
	bipolar disorder
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------>	seasonal affective disorder
	major depressive disorder
	anxiety disorder
	dissociative disorder
	2
619. Psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia often involve perceptions of nonexistent sensory stimulation, such as voices. These symptoms are known as:
	delusions
------>	hallucinations
	paranormal images
	gestalt figures
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	d�j� vu
	2
620. Tanner, a college freshman, experiences a loss of sensation in his right arm before exams. Doctors cannot find any physical basis for his condition. Tanner most likely is experiencing which of the following?
	sublimation
------>	somatoform disorder
	anxiety disorder
	dissociative disorder
	delusion
	2
621. For several weeks, Cassie has lacked energy, motivation, has been unable to go to school, and has expected bad things to happen every day, ever since she broke up with her boyfriend. Of the following, Cassie is most likely experiencing:
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	mania
	hypochondria
------>	depression
	stress
	posttraumatic stress
	3
622. After witnessing an accident that killed her best friend, Shante reports she is blind. Although she bumps into objects at home and elsewhere, specialists have found nothing wrong with the structure or function of her eyes or evidence of brain damage. Shante should be evaluated for ________.
	bipolar disorder
	dissociative identity disorder
------>	conversion disorder
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	hypochondriasis
	panic disorder
	3
623. Alex is standing in line at Wal-Mart waiting to pay for his purchases. A man cuts in front of the line and drops his items on the counter. Alex says to his friend, "That man is incredibly rude." A social psychologist who is within earshot jots down a note so she can use the example in class. What does she write concerning Alex?
	he made a situational attribution
------>	he made a dispositional attribution
	his remark is based on a stereotype
	his remark is considered a collectivistic remark
	his remark is based a social comparison
	2
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624. Attributions are __________________.
------>	explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others.
	innate personality traits
	genetic predispositions to behave a certain way
	physical qualities people have, such as attractiveness
	personal predispositions like introversion-extraversion
	1
625. Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him.
------>	cognitive
	feeling
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	intuition 
	behavioral
	situational
	1
626. A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they have that company's insurance. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing?
	central-route
	tertiary-route
	secondary-route
	elaboration-route
------>	peripheral-route
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	5
627. What is the relationship between expertise and persuasion?
	Expertise has no effect on persuasion.
	Nonexperts tend to be the most persuasive.
------>	Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion.
	Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive.
	Communicators with approximately the same expertise as the audience are the most persuasive.
	3
628. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of attitudes? 
	thoughts
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	feelings 
------>	goals
	behaviors 
	All of the above are major components of attitudes.
	3
629. You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected?
	affective 
------>	cognitive 
	behavioral
	situational 
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	intuitive
	2
630. Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance?
	"I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems."
	"No one I know who smokes is sick."
------>	"I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop."
	"That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful." 
	"The arguments that cigarettes are harmful is being used by a few people to win lawsuits against cigarette manufacturers.
	3
631. When we make situational attributions, we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____.
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------>	in the environment
	in the person's disposition
	that is a biological trait
	with an unconscious motivation
	that has been classically conditioned
	1
632. The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else's behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person's situation is called ______. 
	the primacy effect
	cognitive dissonance
	stereotyping
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	social categorization
------>	attribution theory
	5
633. Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance?
	You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes.
	You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. 
	You are polite and civil to people you dislike.
	You stop eating your favorite dessert to reduce fat in your diet.
------>	You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode.
	5
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634. Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive?
------>	an attractive person who is an expert
	a moderately attractive person who is an expert
	an attractive person who has moderate expertise
	a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise
	a less attractive person who has great expertise
	1
635. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example?
	direct contact
	direct instruction
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------>	interaction with others
	classical conditioning 
	vicarious conditioning 
	3
636. Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)?
------>	Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20.
	Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1.
	Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups.
	Women performed the tasks for less money than men.
	Men performed the tasks for less money than women.
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	1
637. Which part of the brain has been identified as being particularly active when people experience cognitive dissonance?
------>	the left frontal cortex
	the anterior amygdala
	the ascending pyramidal tracks
	the dorsolateral hypothalamus
	the corpus callosum
	1
638. A state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called __________.
------>	cognitive dissonance
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	the validity effect
	the fundamental attribution error
	routinization
	attitudinal dysfunction
	1
639. Dr. Schrotter conducted experiments in which she electrically stimulated parts of a cat's brain. A cat that became terrified in the presence of a mouse was most likely stimulated in the: 
	thalamus
------>	limbic system
	medulla
	cerebellum
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	frontal lobe
	2
640. Which of the following types of neurons stimulate a muscle to contract?
	interneurons
	afferent neurons
------>	efferent neurons
	glial cells
	receptor cells
	3
641. Lucy suffered a stroke last week and cannot remember her children or grandchildren by looking at them or their pictures. Of the following structures, her brain lesion is most likely in the: 
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	cerebellum
------>	hippocampus
	amygdala
	hypothalamus
	left frontal lobe
	2
642. Activation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system after a heated argument results in
	an increase in hunger
	a decrease in heart rate
------>	an increase in respiratory rate
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	an increase in salivation
	an increase in digestion
	3
643. Ralph, a white student who grew up in Maine, is about to enter the University of Southern California on an athletic scholarship. He is aware that many of his teammates will be black and assumes that they will dislike him and ostracize him. Ralph's attitude is BEST described as an example of ______. 
------>	prejudice
	ambiguity 
	nonconformity 
	discrimination
	impression formation
	1
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644. The issue of racial profiling has been a controversial topic in the United States for many years, and it was particularly widespread after the events of September 11, 2001. When an individual engages in profiling and assumes that one person must possess certain qualities because of their race or ethnicity, (s)he is engaging in _____________.
	attribution
	discrimination
------>	stereotyping
	social loafing
	categorizing
	3
645. "We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________.
	mindlessness
------>	a stereotype
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	a fundamental attribution error
	mental set
	dispositional cause
	2
646. Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is BEST described as an example of ______.
	prejudice
	ambiguity
------>	discrimination
	oppression
	bias
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	3
647. What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?
	social interaction 
	stereotyping
------>	impression formation 
	interpersonal judgment 
	social cognition
	3
648. Prejudice is a(n) _________, whereas discrimination is a(n) ________.
	dislike; hatred
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	hatred; dislike
	response; cognition
	behavior; attitude
------>	attitude; behavior
	5
649. The part of a person's self-concept that is based on his or her identification with a nation, culture, or ethnic group or with gender or other roles in society is called _____________. 
	the fundamental attribution error
	self-serving bias
	self-fulfilling prophecy
	ethnocentrism
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------>	social identity
	5
650. Which of the following reflects the inborn and stable dimensions of personality, such as calmness?
	nucleus
	gender
	adaptation
	maturation
------>	temperament
	5
651. Which perspective uses the Thematic Apperception Test as a way to evaluate the test taker's projection of unconscious feelings onto the stimuli?
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	trait
------>	psychodynamic
	humanistic
	cognitive
	behavioral
	2
652. In Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic view, the role of the ego is to:
	serve the demands of the id
	serve the demands of the superego
	allow the individual to act in any way they seem fit
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------>	mediate between the id, superego, and reality
	suppress all demands of the id
	4
653. An individual who accepts personal responsibility for her life experiences may be characterized has having:
------>	an internal locus of control
	an external locus of control
	an extroverted personality
	an introverted personality
	a conventional morality
	1
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654. Hans feels uneasy whenever he sees a man wearing a gray coat. He tells a friend that he is worried the man in the gray coat is going to hurt him. If Hans is suffering from an anxiety disorder, how would the nurture theory view this disorder?
------>	The experiences in Hans's life have caused him to develop this irrational fear.
	Hans inherited this anxiety disorder from a parent who also fears men in gray coats.
	According to his doctor, Hans's disorder is hereditary and is caused by his genes.
	Hans is trapped between reality and illusion.
	Hans is trapped between unconscious and conscious
	1
655. From a biological perspective, a low level of the neurotransmitter serotonin is associated with depression. Repetitive physical exercise can increase a person's level of serotonin. What conclusion can be drawn from this information? 
------>	Exercise is a healthy addition to treatment for depression.
	Unconscious drives influence neurotransmitter levels.
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	If an athlete feels depressed, he isn't practicing enough.
	Physically fit people are not at risk for depression.
	People can treat depression themselves and never need professional help.
	1
656. Which therapeutic approach emphasizes that people are often troubled because of their irrational thoughts about the explanation of events? 
	psychoanalytic 
	behavioral
------>	cognitive 
	humanistic
	group
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	3
657. Thomas reported on Tuesday, he felt like he could run a marathon and he was up all night cleaning and organizing his closet. On Friday, he said he was so sad that he stayed in bed all day rather than going to school. Which disorder is Thomas most likely experiencing? 
------>	bipolar disorder
	generalized anxiety disorder
	obsessive-compulsive disorder
	major depressive disorder
	dysthymia
	1
658. A man firmly believes that he is smarter than all his co-workers and tells everyone in the office that the company would be lost without him. He often fantasizes about being promoted and ensuring success for the company. He flies into a rage whenever anyone questions or contradicts him. Which personality disorder does he most likely suffer from?
	schizoid 
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------>	narcissistic 
	histrionic
	schizotypal 
	avoidant 
	2
659. Ron reports he felt like he had a heart attack. He states he was sweating, unable to breathe, and his heart was palpitating so fast he felt like it was going to burst out of his chest. Which disorder is Ron most likely experiencing? 
	obsessive-compulsive disorder
	specific phobia disorder 
	bipolar disorder
------>	panic disorder
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	acute stress disorder
	4
660. The field of psychology that studies abnormal behavior is:
	developmental psychology
	psychobiology
------>	psychopathology
	pathology
	health psychology
	3
661. Which option best describes the humanistic therapy developed by Carl Rogers called client-centered therapy. 
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	The therapist explores the client's childhood background to determine the issues and conflicts of interpersonal relationships.
	It analyzes conflicts between id and superego.
------>	It uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, and empathetic environment to encourage the client to talk openly.
	The client's words and behaviors are interpreted by the therapist, who brings the client's unconscious feelings into conscious awareness.
	It exposes the patient to what he usually avoids so that he will be less responsive to things that once scared him.
	3
662. There are two main types of coping strategies to deal with stress in our lives can be either ________ -focused or ________ -focused.
------>	problem; emotion
	social; spiritual
	internally; externally
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	distress; easy
	nature; nurture
	1
663. Someone with paranoid personality disorder is most likely to exhibit behavior marked by:
------>	a pattern of distrust and suspicion of others
	actions that seem "over the top" from what society views as the norm
	a desire for social acceptance
	social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
	a desire to be the center of attention and difficulty making real connections with others
	1
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664. Nelly reports her family often refers to her as "Worry Nelly." She explains she worries from the time she gets up in the morning until the time she goes to bed. She reports she worries about what the weather will be like tomorrow and how her favorite football team will do on Sunday. Which disorder is Nelly most likely experiencing? 
	bipolar disorder
------>	generalized anxiety disorder
	obsessive-compulsive disorder
	panic disorder
	major depressive disorder
	2
665. A teenager can effectively cope with stress and anxiety by:
	leaving the house only when necessary.
	waiting until the last minute to study for a test.
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------>	using meditation.
	withdrawing from friends and family.
	experiencing the stress fully.
	3
666. Which option best defines a delusion? 
	hearing voices that don't exist
------>	firmly held beliefs without factual basis
	false sensory perceptions
	seeing things that have no sensory stimuli
	experiences that never really happened
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	2
667. David reports that he feels fine while on medication, but he loves the happy and elated feeling he experiences when he stops taking the medication. That feeling makes up for the really low feelings he experiences at other times when he's not taking his medication. Which disorder is David most likely experiencing? 
------>	bipolar disorder
	generalized anxiety disorder
	obsessive-compulsive disorder
	schizophrenia
	major depressive disorder
	1
668.  The narcotic, prescribed by physicians, that is used to treat pain, and often abused is known as: 
------>	Morphine
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	Heroin
	Cocaine
	Sedatives
	LSD
	1
669. Which of the following is true about rods and cones?
	Both rods and cones are located in the blind spot.
	Rods and cones are distributed evenly in the cornea.
	Rods are responsible for perception in daylight, where cones are particularly useful at night.
	Cones are concentrated in the edges of the retina, rods are more concentrated in the fovea.
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------>	Cones facilitate color vision and are located in the fovea and rods facilitate black-and-white vision.
	5
670. _____ are photoreceptor cells responsible for color and other facets of daytime vision. 
	Bipolar cells
	Ganglion cells
------>	Cones
	Rods
	All of the above
	3
671. REM sleep is highly correlated with which of the following?
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	Tense muscles
	Sleep walking
	Sleep apnea
------>	Dreaming
	Insomnia
	4
672. Ashley finds herself having difficulty falling asleep at night. When she does fall asleep, she wakens several times each night and has trouble falling back asleep. Ashley may be experiencing:
	sleep apnea
	narcolepsy
	somnambulism
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	night terrors
------>	insomnia
	5
673. Which of the following is characterized by a periodic appearance of sleep spindles?
	REM
	Stage 4 sleep
	Stage 3 sleep
------>	Stage 2 sleep
	Stage 1 sleep
	4
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674. ______ is the idea that the change in stimulus strength needed for a detection of the change is proportional to the strength of the ongoing stimulus.
	Visual capture
------>	Weber's Law
	Subliminal perception
	Sensory adaptation
	Transduction
	2
675. David, a junior in college, sporadically stops breathing while sleeping. He wakes up gasping for air and then falls back to sleep very quickly. David's college roommate complains that David loudly snores every night. David may be suffering from:
	Narcolepsy
	Night Terrors
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	Insomnia
	Sleep Snoring
------>	Sleep Apnea
	5
676. According to the Activation-Synthesis theory, dreams:
------>	have no hidden meaning and are just the result of random nerve firings
	are a replay of the day's events
	reveal important unconscious conflicts and desires
	represent fears
	reflect problems we are having difficulty solving
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	1
677. During the finals of the National Basketball Association (NBA) Kobe Bryant misses a foul shot to give his team the lead with 10 seconds left in the game. Even though Kobe usually makes those shots during practice, he missed it at a crucial time. Why do you think this might have happened?
	social loafing
	social facilitation
------>	social impairment
	diffusion of responsibility
	group think
	3
678. The phenomenon that causes people to perform better on tasks when in the presence of others can be explained by:
	social expectation
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------>	social facilitation
	social image
	normative social influence
	social loafing
	2
679. The saying, "Out of sight, out of mind," can easily summarize the social psychological phenomenon known as the ________ rule of interpersonal attraction.
------>	proximity
	reciprocal liking
	similarity
	physical attractiveness
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	closeness
	1
680. According to the scapegoat theory, prejudice is likely to result from:
------>	frustration
	the self-fulfilling prophecy
	the just-world phenomenon
	mood linkage
	overjustification
	1
681. You get a free appetizer at a new local restaurant in your email. The new restaurant owner hopes you will come to the restaurant for the free appetizer but then feel obligated to buy a meal. What term do psychologists use to describe this phenomenon?
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	augmented return
	social facilitation
	indebtedness
	norm of indebtedness
------>	norm of reciprocity
	5
682. Who is credited with coining the term cognitive dissonance? 
	Solomon Asch
------>	Leon Festinger
	Stanley Milgram 
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	B.F. Skinner 
	David Myers
	2
683. The school of psychology focused primarily with the processes of perception is:
	psychodynamic
	behavioral
	functionalism
------>	gestalt
	structuralism
	4
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684. In a study testing the effects of a particular sports drink on performance of ice skaters, which of the following would be the independent variable?
	performance of ice skaters
------>	sports drink
	water
	time of day
	none of the above
	2
685. In order to measure a variable in a research study, we must first develop _______ for it.
	an independent definition
	a descriptive definition
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------>	an operational definition
	a hypothetical definition
	a conclusive definition
	3
686. Your older brother is conducting a survey to learn how many hours the typical college student studies each day. He tells you he plans to pass out his survey to the members of his bio-chem. class. You point out that his findings will be flawed due to:
	he has not specified his dependent variable
	he has not specified his experimental group
	he has not specified his control group
------>	his sample will not be representative of the entire population
	all of the above
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	4
687. In a research studying the effect of sugar intake on concentration, the researcher randomly assigns student participants to either a group that receives water before taking a test or juice and candy before taking a test. The independent variable in the study is the:
------>	sugar consumption
	water
	test scores 
	control group
	the difference between test scores
	1
688. Illusory correlation refers to:
	a correlation that equals 1.0
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	a correlation that equals -0.9
	an insignificant correlation
	the perception that a negatively correlated variable is positively correlated
------>	the perception of a correlation where there is none
	5
689. To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect will influence a study's results, a researcher will employ:
	random assignment
	representative sampling
	control groups
	experimental groups
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------>	the double-blind procedure
	5
690. Which of the following would be used to measure the relationship between age and reaction time while driving at night?
	Standard deviation
	Central tendency
------>	Correlation
	Histogram
	Range
	3
691. The _____ perspective is concerned with how behavior changes across broader cultural and societal contexts.
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	humanistic
	cognitive
	behavioral
	biological
------>	sociocultural
	5
692. In a study testing the effects of a particular sports drink on performance of ice skaters, which of the following would be the dependent variable?
	sports drink
------>	performance of ice skaters
	time of day
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	difficulty of routine
	all of the above
	2
693. In which form of learning is behavior said to be influenced by its consequences?
	Classical conditioning
	Observational learning
------>	Operant conditioning
	Latent learning
	Modeling
	3
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694. Abbie, a three year old notices whenever she throws a tantrum, her grandparents walk away into the other room and ignore her. Abbie's grandparents are using what technique to control her behavior?
	Positive punishment
------>	Negative punishment
	Positive reinforcement
	Shaping
	Stimulus generalization
	2
695. Jackson's two-year old sister, Claire, watches him whenever he brushes his teeth. One night, Jackson gives Claire a toothbrush, and she imitates Jackson's actions. Claire now goes to brush her teeth before going to bed, and she sometimes she even leads Jackson to the bathroom sink to brush their teeth together. Which theory supports the idea that Claire learned behaviors from observing how Jackson behaves? 
	Classical conditioning
	Operant conditioning
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------>	Social learning theory
	Latent learning
	Shaping
	3
696. Garcia's taste aversion experiments demonstrated that taste aversion is a type of learning most closely associated with: 
	latent learning
	social learning
	modeling
------>	classical conditioning
	operant conditioning
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	4
697. A chef makes a particular dish the same way every day. He always chops carrots just before he chops the onions. Initially, the onions make his eyes tear up, and the carrots do not. After making the dish several times, however, the chef notices that his eyes begin to tear up when hi is chopping the carrots. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is the ___ and the conditioned stimulus (CS) is the ____.
	carrots; dish chef is preparing
	onions; dish chef is preparing
	carrots; onions
------>	onions; carrots
	dish chef is preparing; onions
	4
698. On the first day of class, Professor Everitt tells her psychology students that pop quizzes will be given at unpredictable times throughout the semester. Studying for Professor Everitt's surprise quizzes will be reinforced which type of schedule?
	Fixed-ratio
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	Fixed-interval
	Variable-ratio
------>	Variable-interval
	Partial
	4
699. Every time Brayden behaves in Miss A's first grade class, Brayden receives a star on his behavior chart. As Brayden acquires stars, he can exchange them for other things he wants such as candy. Miss A uses:
	counterconditioning
	systematic desensitization
------>	token economy
	partial reinforcement
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	shaping
	3
700. Taking car privileges away from a teenager who comes home past curfew is an example of:
	positive reinforcement
------>	negative punishment
	positive punishment
	negative reinforcement
	conditioned response
	2
701. Every Saturday morning Abram quickly rushes outside to wash the family car so that his father will allow him to take the car out at night. In this example, taking the car out is a(n):
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	negative reinforcer
------>	positive reinforcer
	unconditioned stimulus
	unconditioned response
	conditioned response
	2
702. Lisa fails to recognize the connection between her unsafe drug use and the likelihood of being arrested. Lisa's lack of perceptiveness best illustrates the dangers of:
	the spotlight effect
------>	an external locus of control
	unconditioned positive regard
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	displacement
	rationalization
	2
703. When Anna looks at some modern artwork at the museum, she often thinks she sees human figures or faces and likes to make up stories about them. When she tells the stories to her friend, her friend says that the stories reflect Anna's unconscious thoughts. In psychological terms, what Anna does is most similar to ______.
	classical conditioning 
------>	a projective test
	behavior sampling 
	an objective test
	social cognition
	2
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704. Which defense mechanism was a prominent part in both Adler's and Horney's theories?
------>	compensation
	rationalization
	suppression
	intellectualization
	repression
	1
705. The Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an example of which type of personality test?
------>	objective
	subjective
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	strategic
	projective
	deviant
	1
706. Self-esteem would be most associated with which of the following perspectives?
	Psychodynamic
	Trait
	Social-cognitive
------>	Humanistic
	Behavioral
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	4
707. In studying personality, Mr. Palinato, a trait theorist, would most likely:
	use a projective test
	observe a person in a variety of life situations
	use free association
	use factor analysis
------>	use a personality inventory
	5
708. According to Freud, what is the relationship between unconsciousness and one's feelings and thoughts? 
------>	Unconsciousness contains feelings and thoughts to which a person doesn't have access.
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	Unconsciousness reveals feelings and thoughts of which a person is already aware.
	Unconsciousness interprets feelings into actions for the individual.
	Unconsciousness screens a person's recently acquired feelings and thoughts.
	Unconsciousness removes a person's useless or undesirable feelings and thoughts.
	1
709. What must a person have in order to overcome a sense of helplessness that is associated with the repeated occurrence of negative events?
------>	personal control
	learned helplessness
	introspection
	reciprocal determinism
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	external locus of control
	1
710. Computer-generated images of the brain that provide information about glucose metabolism are produced by: 
	EKG
	EEG (Electroencephalography)
	CAT (Computerized axial tomography)
	MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging)
------>	PET (Positron-emission tomography)
	5
711. The ______ prevents some toxins and poisonous substances from being transmitted into the brain.
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	corpus callosum
	pituitary gland
	basal ganglia
------>	blood-brain barrier
	central nervous system
	4
712. The region of the brain most associated with the formation of new declarative memories is the: 
	cerebellum
	amygdala
	hypothalamus
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	thalamus
------>	hippocampus
	5
713. The structure of the brainstem that is responsible for basic autonomic functions such as breathing and circulation is the:
	pons
	reticular activating system
------>	medulla
	cerebellum
	none of the above
	3
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714. Which of the following is a neurotransmitter that is most directly associated with movement, cognition, and oversupply can cause hallucinations such as those found in schizophrenia?
	Acetylcholine
------>	Dopamine
	GABA
	Endophins
	Serotonin
	2
715. A substance or drug that mimics the effects of a particular neurotransmitter or blocks the reuptake process is called a(n):
	steroid
------>	agonist
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	antagonist
	polypeptide
	opiate
	2
716. Which gland controls the activity of all the other glands in the endocrine system?
	Pineal
------>	Pituitary
	Pancreas
	Adrenal 
	Parathyroid
dr nwoambi is a psychologist How to use it? dr nwoambi is a psychologist
	2
717. The ____ neurons of the peripheral nervous system carry information from the brain to the muscles and joints.
	afferent
------>	efferent
	autonomic
	glial
	sensory
	2
718. The section of the limbic system most vital to feeding behavior is the: 
	amygdala
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	hippocampus
------>	hypothalamus
	suprachiasmatic nucleus
	thalamus
	3
719. Which of the following is a neurotransmitter that is most directly associated with large muscle function and memory?
------>	Acetylcholine
	Dopamine
	GABA
	Serotonin
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	Norepinephrine
	1
720. The process of encoding refers to:
	learning over time
	the processing of information previously learned
------>	getting information into memory
	processing information from our senses
	a clear memory of an emotionally significant event
	3
721. Saeed easily retains information through the use of acronyms. Which option would be the best way for Saeed to remember that his friend Joe lives on Rainbow Avenue? 
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	by reciting "I'm visiting Joe; he lives at the Rainbow"
	by recalling when he and Joe got stuck in the rain and saw a rainbow
	by repeating "Rainbow" aloud over and over again
	by renaming the letters in the sentence
------>	by recalling "JAR: Joe's Avenue is Rainbow"
	5
722. Which of the following situations is an example of interference? 
------>	Your friend has a new e-mail address, but when you send her an e-mail, you accidentally use her old e-mail address instead.
	Listing the first ten presidents of the United States with no difficulty.
	While watching a TV game show, you identified "bald eagle" as the answer when the host asked which among the gray hawk, bald eagle, and rock pigeon is the national bird of the United States.
dr nwoambi is a psychologist How to dowload it? dr nwoambi is a psychologist
	An hour after a lecture on Earth's structure, you wrote down "crust, mantle, inner core, outer core" when the teacher asked you to list the layers of Earth on the board.
	Before going to school, you listed "Ten Things to Do" for the day but almost forgot about it until a friend asked if you'd heard the countdown of top 10 hits on the radio.
	1
723. Agatha Harkness-Smythe is determined to ban guns in the United States. This is a controversial topic and social scientists have debated whether the ownership of guns by citizens increases or decreases crime. Agatha could go to the library and look up studies on the linkage between guns and crime rates. Instead, Agatha just reads the local newspaper and only cuts out articles about robberies in which the "bad guy" used a firearm. Agatha is demonstrating a ____________.
	mental set
------>	confirmation bias
	stereotype threat
	mindlessness
	convergent thinking
	2
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724. The tendency to immediately recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is referred to as the ________ effect.
------>	serial position
	misinformation
	next-in-line
	priming
	spacing
	1
725. In order to remember information presented in her psychology text, Mallory relates her own life experiences to the new concepts. Mallory's strategy is an effective memory aid because it makes use of
	mnemonic devices
------>	semantic encoding
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	automatic processing
	rehearsal
	overlearning
	2
726. Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be __________.
	valid
	normed
------>	reliable
	standardized
	projective
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	3
727. Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ______ independent abilities. 
	three 
	five 
	seven
------>	nine
	eleven
	4
728. Acoustic encoding is the encoding of:
	images
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------>	sounds
	meanings
	acronyms
	movements of body
	2
729. The linguistic relativity hypothesis suggests that ______.
------>	one's language determines the pattern of one's thinking and view of the world
	one's thinking and view of the world determines the structure of one's language
	we decide which objects belong to a concept according to what is most probable or sensible, given the facts at hand
	perception of surface structure precedes deep structure in understanding a sentence
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	perception of concepts precedes understanding of the members the group that comprise the concept
	1
730. The three stages of memory information processing are:
	input, processing, outputinput, save, ouput
	processing, store, retrieve
	encode, decode, fincode
	encode, processing, retrieval
------>	encode, storage, retrieval
	5
731. According to Erik Erikson, adolescents face which psychosocial crisis?
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	Integrity vs. despair
	Intimacy vs. isolation
	Industry vs. inferiority
------>	Identity vs. role confusion
	Autonomy vs. shame
	4
732. Craig, a 75 year old retired PE teacher, feels his life has not been of any real value or significance. According to Erikson, Craig has failed to achieve: 
------>	integrity
	intimacy
	competence
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	autonomy
	trust
	1
733. Sander believes that people should always be punished for breaking rules set by authority figures. According to Kohlberg, Sander is operating at the _____ stage of morality.
	Postconventional 
	Conventional
	Preoperational
------>	Preconventional
	Survival
	4
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734. Which of the following is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus, that can bring about birth defects?
	carcinogen
------>	teratogen
	mutation
	critical period
	biohazard
	2
735. Adam's parents tend to be highly controlling. They tend to show little affection or warmth and demand things from Adam. Adam's parents would be classified as:
	permissive
	authoritative
dr nwoambi is a psychologist PasteShr dr nwoambi is a psychologist
------>	authoritarian
	neglectful
	playful
	3
736. If her parents encourage young Sophie to ask questions, to use her imagination, and give her the freedom to choose some activities, according to Erikson, they are encouraging:
	identity
	generativity
	integrity
	trust
------>	initiative
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	5
737. Evan was born 3 days ago. His parents have noticed that whenever they touch his cheek, Evan opens his mouth to suck. Which of the following reflex is Evan exhibiting?
	Moro reflex
------>	rooting reflex
	walking reflex
	stepping reflex
	palmer reflex
	2
738. Infant girls exposed to trucks, cars, and other androgens are more likely to: 
	have a very "masculine" attitude in adulthood despite their sex.
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------>	be "tomboys" during their childhood but grew up to be more "typically female" in adulthood.
	be "feminine" during their childhood but grew up to be more "typically male" in adulthood
	have a very "feminine" childhood and prefer to play with dolls.
	be treated differently by teachers and friends as adolescents.
	2
739. Which of the following is an example of imprinting?
	A mother grizzly bear teaches her cubs how to hunt for fish.
	An infant, left by its caregivers for significant periods of time, develops an indifference to their presence.
	A hawk will fly with her young while they are learning to fly.
------>	A newborn duckling will "attach" itself to the first moving object is sees, which is usually its mother.
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	A premature infant who is constantly held and massaged by its primary caregiver will grow rapidly.
	4
740. The neurotransmitter associated with anorexia nervosa and bulimia is ________.
------>	serotonin
	dopamine
	insulin
	endorphin
	acetylcholine
	1
741. The frequent finding that asthmatics often experience shortness of breath concurrently with tremendous anxiety is an example of how emotions and physiological symptoms often occur simultaneously. As such, it supports which of the following theories of emotion?
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------>	Cannon-Bard theory
	Schachter and Singer's
	Plutchik's
	James-Lange
	Thorndike
	1
742. Instinct approaches to motivation have faded because they lacked the goal of ________ of psychology.
------>	explanation
	change
	prediction
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	description
	correlation
	1
743. BMR stands for ________.
	basal management regulation
	bowel movement regulation
	basel metabolic regulation
------>	basal metabolic rate
	buttocks management reduction
	4
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744. According to cognitive-mediational theory, what is likely to influence an individual's emotional experience?
	the intensity of the situation
------>	the interpretation of the environment
	the feedback of others
	the type of physiological reaction that takes place
	the feedback of children
	2
745. Which two different terms best describe Schachter and Singer's theory of emotion?
------>	arousal and context
	arousal and physiology
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	genetics and nature
	nature and nurture
	behavior and genetics
	1
746. Which option is not a theory of emotion? 
	James-Lange theory
	Cannon-Bard theory
------>	Maslow needs theory
	Schachter two-factor theory
	Cognitive Mediational theory
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	3
747. You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. The teacher mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behavior that may vary in intensity from one occasion to another." You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior?
	emotional
	frustrated
------>	motivated
	unconscious
	preconscious
	3
748. Early in the twentieth century William McDougall proposed that there were ________ human instincts.
------>	18
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	5
	19
	7
	12
	1
dr nwoambi is a psychologist

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