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#lang racket

; In Racket, everything after a semicolon (;) is called a "comment." It won't be evaluated by Racket.
; Multiple lines commented are marked with #| ......... |#
; You'll find that some of the code below are commented out because they conflict with code later down the file.

; Primitives and Means of Combination

(+ 9 10)
;19

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(* (/ 4 3) 3.141592653 20 20 20)
;33510.321632

; Practice: Write the following math expressions in prefix notation:
; (5 + 4 + (2 - (3 - (6 + 4/3)))) / (3(6-2)(2-7))
; Solution:
(/ (+ 5
      4
      (- 2
         (- 3
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            (+ 6
               (/ 4 3)))))
   (* 3
      (- 6 2)
      (- 2 7)))
;-23/90

; Means of abstraction
; - Naming variables

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(define pi 3.141592653)
(define radius 20)
(* (/ 4 3) pi radius radius radius)
;33510.321632

; - Naming procedures

(define (sq x) (* x x))
(sq (+ 5 7))
;144
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(sq (sq (sq (sq (sq 2)))))
;429497296

; In-class exercise
#|
(define (sphere-volume radius)
  ...)
|#
; Solution:
(define (sphere-volume radius)
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  (* (/ 4 3) pi radius radius radius))
(sphere-volume 20)
;33510.321632

; - Using conditionals

(define (abs x)
  (cond [(> x 0) x]
        [(= x 0) x]
        [else (- x)]))
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(abs -3.14)
;3.14
(abs 5.9)
;5.9

; alternative way of defining abs
#|
(define (abs x)
  (if (> x 0)
      x
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      (- x)))
|#

; Exercise: Define compute-grade
#|
(define (compute-grade score)
  ...)
|#

#|
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;A solution:
(define (compute-grade score)
  (cond [(and (>= score 90) (<= score 100)) "A"]
        [(and (>= score 80) (< score 90)) "B"]
        [(and (>= score 70) (< score 80)) "C"]
        [else "F"]))
|#

#|
;Another possible one:
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(define (compute-grade score)
  (cond [(>= score 90) "A"]
        [(<= 80 score 89) "B"]
        [(<= 70 score 79) "C"]
        [else "F"]))
|#

; The most succinct one:
(define (compute-grade score)
  (cond [(>= score 90) "A"]
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        [(>= score 80) "B"]
        [(>= score 70) "C"]
        [else "F"]))

(compute-grade 100)
;"A"
(compute-grade 70)
;"C"
(compute-grade 69)
;"F"
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;Other pathological cases:
(compute-grade 0)
;"F"
(compute-grade -25)
;"F"
(compute-grade 1234)
;"A"

; Computing square roots
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#|
(define (try guess x)
  (if (good-enough? guess x)
      guess
      (try (improve guess x) x)))

(define (sqrt x) (try 1.0 x))

(define tolerance 0.000001)
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(define (good-enough? guess x)
  (< (distance (sq guess) x)
     tolerance))

(define (distance a b)
  (abs (- a b)))

(define (improve guess x)
  (average guess (/ x guess)))
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(define (average x y)
  (/ (+ x y) 2))

(sqrt 2)
;1.4142135623746899

(sqrt 3)
;1.7320508100147274
|#
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; Alternatively, we could put all of this in a block structure.

(define (sqrt x)
  (define tolerance 0.000001)
  (define (try guess)
    (if (good-enough? guess)
        guess
        (try (improve guess))))
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  (define (good-enough? guess)
    (< (distance (sq guess) x) tolerance))
  (define (improve guess)
    (average guess (/ x guess)))
  (try 1.0))

; It probably makes more sense to put those functions outside than inside sqrt.
(define (distance a b)
  (abs (- a b)))
(define (average x y)
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  (/ (+ x y) 2))

(sqrt 2)
;1.4142135623746899

(sqrt 3)
;1.7320508100147274

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